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Part I Boards > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

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0
Q

Sinuvertebral N. is a rich nerve supply that comes from the:

A

Medial branch of the Dorsal (posterior) primary division of the spinal nerve

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1
Q

Sinuvertebral Nerve is a branch from:

A

N. of VonLuschka –> Recurrent Meningeal N.

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2
Q

Flexion & Extension pivots around the _____ axis.

A

Coronal Axis

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3
Q

Left & Right Rotation pivots around the _____ axis.

A

Longitudinal axis

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4
Q

Left & Right Lateral Flexion pivots around the _____ axis.

A

Saggital axis

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5
Q

Overall Greatest amount of ROM in Spine takes place @

A

C4-C6

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6
Q

Greatest amount of flexion & extension of a face joint takes place @:

A

C5-C6

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7
Q

Greatest amount of overall ROM in Lumbar spine takes place @

A

L4-L5

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8
Q

Greatest amount of Flexion & Extension in Lumbar spine is @

A

L5-S1

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9
Q

Trapezius muscle is innervated by the:

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI) & Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)

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10
Q

1st SP & most prominent spinous below the EOP

A

C2 spinous

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11
Q

Hyoid Bone is located at _____ level upright & _____ level lying down.

A

C-4 upright

C-3 lying down

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12
Q

Cricoid Cartilage is located at level _____

A

C6

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13
Q

Suprasternal notch (jugular notch) is located at:

A

T2

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14
Q

Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis) is located at:

A

T4-T5

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15
Q

Spine of the Scapula is located at what level upright & lying down:

A

T4 upright

T3 lying down

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16
Q

Inferior border of the scapula is located at what level upright & lying down?

A

Upright : T9

Lying down : T6

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17
Q

Xiphoid Process located at what level

A

T10

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18
Q

Umbilicus is located at what level

A

L3

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19
Q

Area of Aortic Pressure Point

A

Level of disc space L3-L4

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20
Q

Crest of the ilium is located at what level upright & lying down?

A

Upright: L5

Lying down: L4

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21
Q

Common fx of tip of the SP of C7

A

Clay Shoveler’s

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22
Q

Most common areas of Thoracic Compression Fx:

A

Body of T11-T12

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23
Q

Most common area of Lumbar Compression Fx:

A

Body of T12/L1

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24
Most common area for Sacral Fx:
Horizontal fx at the 3rd or 4th sacral tubercle
25
Cervical Lateral Bending: VB moves to the _____ side & the SP moves to the _____ side.
``` VB = same side SP = opposite side ```
26
Lumbar Lateral Bending: VB moves to the _____ side & SP moves to the _____ side.
``` VB = opposite SP = same ```
27
Fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm takes place in the:
Distal 1/3 of the Fallopian Tubes
28
After fertilization, how long does it take the single egg to travel down the Fallopian tube to the uterus?
1 week (7-8 days)
29
What layer gives rise to all neurons & supporting cells?
Ectoderm
31
What layer forms the neural plate?
Ectoderm
32
Notochord induces the ectoderm to form the:
Nucleus pulposus of IVD
33
What forms the neural groove which houses the Spinal cord & brain vesicles?
Neural Plate
35
Neural Plate develops into:
1. Macroglial Cells - Oligodendrocytes - Astrocytes 2. Neurons CNS 3. Ependymal cells 4. Retinal cells
37
Glands, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches & pharynx
Foregut
38
Duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon
Midgut
39
Part of transverse, descending & sigmoid colon, rectum & upper anal canal
Hindgut
40
Urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate & urethral glands
Allantois
41
Somite cells form the _______ which form the Vertebral column
Sclerotome
42
Dermatomes of Cspine (C2-C7)
``` C2 - Scalp C3 - Nape of Neck C4 - Trap C5 - Deltoid C6 - Lat Elbow + thumb & index C7 - Middle Finger ```
43
Dermatomes of Tspine (T1, T2, T4, T7, T10)
``` T1 - Medial Elbow T2 - Axillary T4 - Nipples T7 - Xyphoid T10 - Umbilicus ```
44
Dermatomes for Lspine (L1 - L5)
``` L1 - Sup Ant Thigh (inguinal ligament) L2 - Mid Thigh L3 - Medial Knee L4 - Medial Lower Leg / Calf L5 - Top/Dorsum Foot & Lat Leg (1st-4th toe) ```
45
Dermatomes for Sspine:
S1 - Baby toe, plantar foot, posterior calf (lat outside) S2 - Post Thigh S3 - Anus (around it) S4 - Anus
46
Foramen Ovale b/t interatrial septum becomes:
Fossa Ovalis
47
Ductus Arteriosus bypasses lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta and becomes...
Ligamentum Arteriosum
48
Ductus Venosus bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver & becomes...
Ligamentum Venosum
49
Umbilical Vein becomes...
Ligamentum Teres (round ligament)
50
Umbilical Arteries become...
Medial Umbilical Ligaments
51
Urachus is a remnant of the ...
Duct of Allantois
52
"Glue", gives rise to astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
Glioblast
53
Most numerous cell of CNS *** Acts like connective tissue Part of blood brain barrier Forms "scar-like" tissue in injury
Astrocyte
54
``` Quite numerous (less than astrocyte) *** Forms MYELIN around CNS ```
Oligodendrocytes
55
Lines CNS, ciliated, makes "leaky" barrier b/t CSF & CNS
Ependymal
56
Phagocyte (macrophage) | Not many
Microglia aka Gitterzellen
57
What makes neurons
Neuroblast
58
Neurons within CNS, connects b/t two hemispheres
Commissural fibers
59
Neurons within CNS, connects different parts of same hemisphere
Association fibers
60
Neurons within CNS, connects lower centers to cerebral cortex
Projection
61
Most common type of neurons in CNS
Multipolar
62
Cell bodies & dendrites are part of the _____ matter
Gray matter
63
Myelinated axons are part of the _____ matter
White matter
64
Ventricles: | Proencephalon develops into the...
Telencephalon | Diencephalon
65
Mesencephalon develops into the...
Mesencephalon ---> Midbrain
66
Rhombencephalon develops into...
Metencephalon | Myelencephalon
67
What structures & cranial nerves develop from these Secondary Structures: - Telencephalon - Diencephalon - Mesencephalon - Metencephalon - Myelencephalon
``` Tel = Forebrain (I) Die = Thal, Hypothal, Pineal, Retina, Mam. Body, Post. Pit (II) Mes = Midbrain (III, IV) Met = Pons, Cerebellum (V, VI, VII, VIII) Mye = Medulla Oblongata (IX, X, XI, XII) ```
68
Name the Neural Canal Regions: Pro -- Tel -- Forebrain (I) = Pro -- Die -- Thalamus (II) = Mes -- Mes -- Midbrain (III, IV) = Rho -- Met -- Pons, Cerebellum (V-VIII) = Rho -- Mye -- Medulla Oblongata (IX-XII) =
1. Lateral Ventricles separated by Septum Pellucidum 2. Foramen of Monroe (interventric foramen) 3. Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius 4. 4th Ventricle 5. 4th Ventricle
69
Arterial anastomosis: - Blood supply communication b/t forebrain & hindbrain - Anatomically around the pituitary gland & optic chiasm
Circle of Willis
70
What arteries supply the Circle of Willis
Internal Carotid & Vertebral arteries
71
What arteries form the circle of the Circle of Willis?
Ant & Post Cerebral Arteries | Ant & Post Communicating Arteries
72
What artery carries more blood than other arteries (approx. 800ml/min)
Middle Cerebral Artery
73
Most common location of "cerebral vascular accident" (CVA)
Middle Cerebral Artery
74
aka Pallium - developed from neural plate
Cerebral Cortex
75
90% of the cortex is:
Neocortex
76
10% of the cortex is:
Allocortex
77
Relay for cortex that processes sensory info, sleep, consciousness; motor relay (mostly forms thalamus)
Diencephalon (thalamus)
78
Responsible for postural adjustments, steadying voluntary movements, enkephalins
Basal Ganglia
79
Basal Ganglia - Striatal lesions cause...
Tremors -- Parkinson's, Huntington's Chorea, Ballism
80
Basal Ganglia includes...
Corpus Striatum Amygdaloid Claustrum
81
Telencephalon nuclei include...
Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Basal Ganglia
82
Mesencephalon nuclei include...
Substantia nigra | Subthalamic
83
Head of the caudate + putamen = ?
Corpus Striatum
84
Globus pallidus (medial) & Putamen (lateral)
Lentiform Nucleus
85
Brainstem is made up of the .... It's a conduit for the ... It contains the reflex centers associated with ... It contains important nuclei of ...
Medulla, Pons & Midbrain Ascending & Descending Tracts Respiration, CV & consciousness CN III-XII
86
CSF in an adult
140-270ml
87
What are the layers of Meninges from inside to outside
Pia, Arachnoid, Dura
88
Between arachnoid & pia (lumbar puncture or spinal tap)
Subarachnoid Space
89
Innermost layer of neural tube | Lines CNS, ciliated, makes "leaky" barrier b/t CSF & CNS
Ependymal Cells
90
Produces CSF***
Choroid Plexus
91
Resorbs CSF ***
Arachnoid Granulations
92
How much CSF is in the ventricles?
Approximately 25ml
93
Atrophy or damage of the basal ganglia can produce...
Chorea (quick movements)
94
Parkinsonism is due to neuronal degeneration of the...
Substantia Nigra (Lewy Bodies)
95
Spinal Cord: 1. How many pairs of spinal nerves? 2. Bell-Magendi Law? 3. Terminates? 4. End is called? 5. Roots for Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal are thru & called?
31 pairs of Spinal Nerves Dorsal roots, Sensory, Afferent fibers & Ventral, Motor, Efferent Terminates @ L1/L2 End is called Conus Medullaris Roots thru Lumbar Cistern forming Cauda Equina "horse's tail"
96
Part of brain associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness) & temp regulation
Midbrain
98
CSF exchange between 3rd & 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius (Midbrain)
99
Cerebral peduncles (midbrain) contain...
Tegmentum Substantia Nigra Crus Cerebri CN III, IV
100
Substantia Nigra is _____ in color; Dopamine from _____; _____ is a by product (causes dark color)
Black color Dopamine from Tyrosine Melanin is by-product
101
Part of Cerebral Peduncle - Corticospinal, Corticopontine, Corticobulbar, Corticomesencephalic fibers (eye mvmts)
Crus Cerebri
102
Function: integration of "momentary" static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual & auditory input regarding equilibrium.
Cerebellum
103
Medial Cerebellum
Vermis
104
Anterior Cerebellum - general muscle tone
Paleocerebellum
105
Posterior Cerebellum - coordination of skilled movements
Neocerebellum
106
Part of cerebellum that controls equilibrium (Flocculonodular)
Archicerebellar
107
``` Corpus Medullare (aka) (afferent, efferent, commissural & association fibers) ```
White Matter
108
Gray matter neuron cell types?
``` Purkinje Golgi II Stellate Basket Granular ```
109
MC type of cell in Cerebellum
Purkinje
110
Cerebellar Nuclei (from medial to lateral, small to large)
Fastigial Globus Emboliform Dentate
112
Neural Crest develops into:
DRG & spinal nerves
113
Vertebra develop from:
Sclerotome (union of 2 different somites)
115
What forms the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures?
Endoderm epithelium
116
Nuclei in basal forebrain that is rich in ACH
Meynert's
117
Lateral Vestibular Nuclei
Deiter's
118
Nuclei found in Medulla (brain stem) that releases Serotonin
Raphe
119
Nuclei that is part of corpus striatum & comprises putamen & globus pallidus
Lenticular Nuclei
120
Part of brain that is responsible for crude sensation & integrations; "Relay Center"
Thalamus
121
Part of brain responsible for conscious interpretation & movement
Cortex
122
Main pathway between thalamus & cortex is through the...
Internal Capsule & Corona Radiata
123
Postcentral Gyrus is the Primary _____ Cortex
Sensory
124
Precentral Gyrus is the primary _____ cortex
Motor
125
``` What lesion would cause: Increased DTR & muscle tone (+) Pathological Reflexes (Babinski) Spasticity Hypertrophy Clonus Decreased Superficial Reflexes (bilateral) ```
UMNL
126
``` What lesion would cause: Decreased DTR & muscle tone No pathological reflexes Flaccidity Atrophy Fasciculations Decreased superficial reflexes (Unilateral) ```
LMNL
127
Name the 5 Descending Tracts | motor, efferent, ventral, basal plates
``` Corticospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Rubrospinal Vestibulospinal ```
128
What tract is associated with precise & skilled voluntary movement (motor) - Post limb of int capsule to 80% Lat & 20% Ang
Corticospinal
129
What tract is associated with inhibiting or facilitating voluntary movement
Reticulospinal
130
What tract is associated with Reflex postural movement to visual stimuli
Tectospinal
131
What tract facilitates flexors & inhibites extensors
Rubrospinal
132
Name the Tract & Pathway: - Function: Pain & Temp - Tract of Lissauer - NT: Substance P
Lateral Spinothalamic FNE - DRG - SC - AWC - Thal (VPL) (ILN) - PLIC
133
Fluid-filled cyst that leads to cape-like (bilateral) loss of pain & temperature
Syringomyelia | Lat Spinothalamic
134
Name the Tract & Pathway: - Fxn: "protopathic" - pain, temp, crude light touch - Tract of Lissauer - Clinical Pearls: "tactile sensation"
Anterior Spinothalamic FNE - DRG - SC- AWC - Thal (VPL) (ILN) - PLIC
135
Name the Tract & Pathway: | - Discrimitive touch (2point), Vibration & Conscious Proprioception
Dorsal Columns Pacinion Corpuscle - DRG - F.Cuneatus (above T6) / F.Gracilis (below T6) - Cuneate or Gracilis Nucleus - cross in Internal Arcuate Fibers (2nd order neurons) - Med Lemniscus - Thalamus - PLIC
136
Name the Tract: - Unconscious proprioception Path: DRG --> Nucleus Dorsalis --> Peduncle --> Cerebellum "Clark's column" from C8-L4 Clinical Pearl: "PI" - posterior inferior peduncle
Posterior Spinocerebellar
137
Name the Tract: - Unconscious Proprioception Path: DRG --> Nucleus Dorsalis --> Peduncle --> Cerebellum "Clark's column" fibers that cross, cross back to ipsi side Clinical: "AS" - anterior superior peduncle
Anterior Spinocerebellar
138
Name the Tract & Pathway: - pain modulation; visual reflexes; controls mvmt of eyes & head toward stimulus aka Spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott
Spinotectal FNE - DRG - SC- AWC - Midbrain periaquaductal grey - N.Raphe
139
Name the Tract & Pathway: - ANS reflex pain response & Levels of consciousness Clinical Pearl: COMA
Spinoreticular FNE - DRG - SC - AWC - Reticular formation in Pons & Medulla
140
PNS has what type of cells?
Schwann cells
141
PNS: groups of neuron cell bodies
Ganglia
142
PNS peripheral nerves are mostly _____ axons.
Myelinated
143
PNS: cells found in retina & sensory ganglia of cochlear & vestibular nerves
Bipolar cells
144
PNS Myelin sheath gaps are called:
Nodes of Ranvier
145
4 Cutaneous Sensory branches of the Cervical Plexus (superficial)
Lesser Occipital Greater Auricular Transverse Cervical Supraclavicular
146
List the following spinal roots & structures served: - Lesser Occipital - Greater Auricular - Transverse Cervical - Supraclavicular
C2-C3 : sensory to Posterolateral neck C2-C3 : sensory to Ear & Parotid Gland C2-C3 : sensory to Anterior & Lateral neck C3-C4 : sensory to Shoulder & Anterior Chest
147
Motor Branches of Cervical Plexus (deep)
Ansa Cervicalis Segmental branches Phrenic Nerve ***
148
List the following spinal roots & structures served: - Ansa Cervicalis - Segmental Branches - Phrenic Nerve
C1-C4 : motor to Geniohyoid & Infrahyoid muscles of neck C1-C5 : motor to Neck & Scalenes, Levator, Trapezius, SCM C3-C5 : "keep the DIAPHRAGM alive"
149
Sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus to the thigh, leg, foot, hip & knee joints
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
150
Motor nerve of the lumbar plexus to the anterior thigh, psoas, pectineus & iliacus
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
151
Sensory nerve of lumbar plexus to the medial thigh & hip joint
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
152
Motor nerve of the lumbar plexus to the adductors, gracilis & obturator externus
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
153
Sensory nerve of lumbar plexus to the lateral thigh & branches to peritoneum ("Meralgia Parasthetica")
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2-L3)
154
Sensory nerve of lumbar plexus to the lower abdomen, lower back & hip, anterolateral abdominal wall & pubic region
Iliohypogastric (L1)
155
Sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus to external genitalia, thigh & abdominals
Ilioinguinal (L1)
156
Sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus to the scrotum, labia, thigh & cremasterics
Genitofemoral (L1-L2)
157
Motor nerve of Sacral Plexus to the Tibial & Common Peroneal
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
158
Sensory nerve of the Sacral Plexus to the posterior leg & foot
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
159
Motor nerve of the Sacral Plexus to all muscles of posterior leg & foot
Tibial Nerve (L4-S3)
160
Sensory nerve of the Sacral Plexus to the Anterior Leg & Dorsum Foot
Common Peroneal nerve (aka Fibular) L4-S2
161
Motor nerve of Sacral Plexus to lateral component of leg
Superficial Peroneal aka Fibular (L4-S2)
162
Motor nerve of sacral plexus to Anterior compartment of leg
Deep Peroneal (L4-S2)
163
Motor nerve of sacral plexus to Gluteus Medius, Minimus & TFL
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
164
Motor nerve of sacral plexus to Gluteus Maximus
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5-S2)
165
Sensory nerve of sacral plexus to muscles of perineum & Motor nerve of sacral plexus to External Anal Sphincter (Cauda Equina Syndrome)
Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
166
Brachial Plexus: C5 & C6 roots: What cords are involved? What branches are involved?
Lateral cords | Musculocutaneous & Median branches
167
Brachial Plexus - C7 nerve root: What cords are involved? What branches are involved?
Posterior cords | Axillary & Radial branches
168
Brachial Plexus - C8 & T1 nerve root: What cords are involved? What branches are involved?
Medial cord | Median & Ulnar branch
169
CN 1 - Olfactory Foramen of exit or path? Function? Nuclei & Ganglion?
Cribiform Plate Sensory - smell Does not synapse - Thalamus
170
CN II - Optic Foramen of Exit? Function?
Optic Canal | Sensory - Vision
171
CN III - Oculomotor Foramen of Exit? Function? Nuclei & Ganglion?
SOF Motor - eye muscles except Lat Rectus & Sup Oblique (SO4LR6R3) Edinger Westphal nucleus
172
CN IV - Trochlear Foramen of Exit? Function? Important fact?
SOF Motor to Superior Oblique Smallest CN ***
173
``` CN V - Trigeminal Foramen? Function? Nuclei & Ganglion? Clincial? ```
V1 - Opthalmic = SOF V2 - Maxillary = Foramen Rotundum V3 - Mandibular = Foramen Ovale Fxn: Sensory to face & tongue / Motor for Mastication Gasserian Semilunar or Trigeminal Ganglion (Largest CN) Trigeminal Neuralgia "Tie douloureux"
174
CN VI - Abducens Foramen? Fxn?
SOF | Motor to Lateral Rectus
175
``` CN VII - Facial Foramen? Fxn? Nuclei? Clinical? ```
Internal Auditory Meatus exits thru Styloid Mastoid Sensory - Ant 2/3 tongue Motor - facial expression Superior Salvatory (branch of Chorda Tympani) "Bells Palsy" (eyes stuck open
176
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Foramen? Fxn? Nuclei?
Internal Auditory Meatus Sensory - Balance & Hearing Vestibular Ganglion (of SCARPA)
177
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Foramen? Fxn? Nuclei?
Jugular Foramen (temporal + occipital) Sensory - Post 1/3 tongue Motor - secretion of parotid Nucleus Ambiguous (inf salvatory)
178
CN X - Vagus Foramen? Fxn? Nuclei?
Jugular Foramen Sensory - bitter taste, epiglottis, external auditory meatus Motor - pharynx & larynx Parasympathetic Dorsal Motor Nucleus
179
CN XI - Accessory Foramen? Fxn Nuclei?
Jugular Foramen Motor - SCM & Trapezius Nucleus Ambiguous
180
CN XII - Hypoglossal Foramen? Fxn? Nuclei?
Hypoglossal canal Motor - tongue Hypoglossal nuclei
181
What cranial nerves are mixed nerves? | What cranial nerves are Parasympathetic to 90% of the body?
Mixed: V, VII, IX, X PS: III, VII, IX, X
182
Middle Meningeal Artery exits the...
Foramen Spinosum | "spine is in the middle"
183
Internal Carotid Artery (temporal & sphenoid) exits the...
Foramen Lacerum | "If you lacerate the ICA, you'll die!"
184
Injury to the PTERION (junction of sphenoid, temporal, frontal & parietal bones) "hockey puck" causes damage to...
Middle Meningeal Artery | possible death
185
ANS Sympathetic nervous systems - Axons? - Fibers/NT?
Axons: T1-L1/L2 (basically whole Tsp) Short Preganglionic NT = ACH Long Postganglionic NT = Epi/Norepi
186
ANS Parasympathetic nervous system - Axons - Fibers/NT
Axons: CNS III, IV, IX, X & Sacral S2-S4 Long Preganglionic NT = ACH Short Postganglionic NT = ACH
187
Enteric Division (ENS) controls the GI Tract. What are the 2 types of neurons & what do they do?
(1) Myenteric (Auerbach's) - motor innervation to both layers of tunica muscularis (PS & Symp input) (2) Submucosal (Meissner's) - secretomotor to lumen (PS ONLY!)
188
Enteric Nervous System has over 30 NT's. What is found in the bowels?
95% of serotonin & 50% dopamine
189
Ossification of the Skull & Vertebral Column?
Both begin 7-8 weeks (embryo)
190
Describe the sutures on the skull - b/t frontal & parietal - b/t 2 parietals - b/t parietal & occipital - b/t temporal & parietal
Coronal Sagittal Lambdoidal Squamous
191
What bone is formed by the Cribiform Plate (inferiorly) & Crista Galli (superiorly)
Ethmoid
192
The Maxillary is formed by the....
Hard palate Palatine Orbital processes
193
Sphenoid contains what structures?
``` Sella Turcica F. Ovale (V3 mandibular exits) F. Rotundum (V2 maxillary exits) F. Lacerum (ICA exits) F. Spinosum (Mid.Men.A. exits) ```
194
The sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal & maxillary are all part of the Orbit. Which bone isn't?
Nasal bone
195
Mastoid is found on the...
Temporal bone
196
How many ossification centers in the vertebral column & what are they?
Three 1 - Body (centrum) 1 - Each Vertebral Arch (b/c lamina & pedicles)
197
How many secondary ossification centers in the vertebral column & what are they?
Five 1 - Tip of SP 2 - TVP's 2 - Annular ring epiphyses (sup & inf aspect of body)
198
What is different about the ossification centers in the lumbar?
They have 2 additional ossification centers for Mamillary processes
199
Teeth @ 3 years old v. Teeth @ adult
``` 20 teeth (3yo) 32 teeth (adult) ```
200
Describe teeth from top to bottom
``` Enamel Dentin Pulp (nerves & vessels) Cementum Root ```
201
Bones that have no direct sternal attachment, but attach by costal cartilages?
Flat Bones
202
How many pairs of Ribs? Which ones are "typical"? Which ones are "atypical"?
12 pairs of Ribs Typical = 3-9 Atypical = 1, 2, 11, 12
203
Shortest costochondral joint that articulates with manubrium - Scalene tubercle location - Supports subclavian vessels
1st Rib
204
Thinner & 2x length of Rib 1 | - Serratus Anterior tuberosity
2nd Rib
205
Short, no neck or tubercle, "floaters" (do not articulate w/sternum) Only articulates w/ VB, single facet on head, end capped cartilage
11 & 12 ribs
206
Where manubrium & sternum meet (2nd rib attaches)
Angle of Louis
207
Sternum aka _____ is located at ...
Gladiolus | T5-T9 (costal notches from lateral border)
208
Landmark: diaphragm, diaphragmatic surface of liver & inferior border of heart
Xiphoid process (T10)
209
Sacrum = 5 fused vertebra (by age 25) - Sacral promontory? - Lateral sides aka wings? - Branches of sacral spinal nerves pass thru ___ ? - Articulates with coccyx?
Sacral Base Sacral Ala Sacral Foramina Sacral Apex
210
Cervical Landmarks: posterior arch connects lateral masses of atlas: - Hyoid Bone - Cornu of Thyroid - Body of Thyroid - Cricoid Cartilage - Carotid Tubercle
``` Hyoid - C3/C4 Cornu of Thyroid - C4 Body of Thyroid - C5 Cricoid Cartilage - C6 Carotid Tubercle - C6 ```
211
What are the motor unit boundaries of the IVF?
Pedicles, Body, Disc, Facets
212
What are the atypical vertebra in adults & what are they called?
C2-C6 | Joints of Luska
213
Lowest level of vertebral artery?
C6
214
What is the shape of the body of cervical vertebra?
Circular
215
Shape of Thoracic vertebra body?
Heart shaped
216
Shape of lumbar vertebra body?
Kidney-shaped
217
N: CN VII Facial Nerve A: Eyelid Sphincter O: Frontal & Maxilla IN: Eyelid
Obicularis oculi
218
N: CN VII Facial A: Mouth angle back & up (laughing) O: Zygomatic IN: Mouth corner
Zygomaticus (major)
219
N: CN VII Facial A: Raises lower lip (doubt/disdain) O: Mandible IN: Chin
Mentalis
220
N: CN VII Facial A: Contracts/protrudes lips O: Maxilla & Mandible IN: Mouth
Orbicularis oris
221
N: CN VII Facial A: Compresses cheeks / expels air / aids in mastication O: Maxilla & Mandible IN: Obicularis oris
Buccinator
222
N: CN XII Hypoglossal A: Protrudes tongue O: Mandible IN: Hyoid & tongue
Genioglossus
223
Innervation: CN XII Hypoglossal Action: Depresses tongue Origin: Hyoid Insertion: Tongue
Hyoglossus
224
Innervation: CN XII Hypoglossal Action: Retracts & elevates tongue Origin: Temporal Insertion: Tongue
Styloglossus
225
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis Masseter Medial (internal) Pterygoid Lateral (external) Pterygoid
226
N: CN V Trigeminal A: Elevate & Retract jaw O: Temporal IN: Coronoid of Mandible
Temporalis
227
N: CN V Trigeminal A: Elevate Jaw / prime mover of jaw closure O: Zygomatic arch IN: Mandible
Masseter
228
Elevate & protract jaw (close)
Medial (internal) Pteygoid
229
Protrudes jaw & depresses (open)
Lateral (external) Pterygoid
230
Superficial muscle of neck: N: CN VII Facial A: Depresses lower lip & jaw
Platysma
231
``` Superficial Muscle of the Neck: N: CN XI Accessory A: (1) Ipsilateral flexion, contralateral rotation (2) Flexion O: Manubrium & Clavical IN: Mastoid ```
SCM
232
What are the 4 Suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid
233
N: CN V Trigeminal & VII Facial A: Elevates hyoid, depresses jaw O: Mandible & Mastoid IN: Hyoid
Digastric
234
N: CN VII Facial A: Elevates & retracts hyoid
Stylohyoid
235
N: CN V Trigeminal A: Elevates hyoid
Mylohyoid
236
N: CN XII Hypoglossal A: Pulls hyoid anterior & up
Geniohyoid
237
4 Infrahyoid muscles
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid Thyrohyoid
238
N: C1-C3 A: Depresses hyoid O: Manubrium IN: Hyoid
Sternohyoid
239
N: C1-C3 A: Pulls thyroid cartilage down O: Manubrium IN: Thyroid
Sternothyroid
240
N: C1-C3 A: Depresses & retracts hyoid O: Scapula IN: Hyoid
Omohyoid
241
N: CN 1 via CN XII A: Depresses hyoid & Elevates thyroid cartilage O: Thyroid IN: Hyoid
Thyrohyoid
242
Name the 4 Vertebral muscles
Longus coli Scalenus anterior Scalenus medius Scalenus posterior
243
N: Primary Rami C2-C8 *** A: (1) lat flex (2) flexes & rotates vertebrae Attaches to anterior tubercle of atlas ***
Longus coli
244
N: Primary rami C5-C8 A: Elevates 1st rib, flexes & rotates vertebra O: TVP of Csp IN: First 2 ribs
Scalenus anterior
245
N: Primary rami C3-C4*** A: Elevates 1st rib, flexes & rotates vertebra O: TVP of Csp IN: first 2 ribs
Scalenus medius
246
N: Primary rami C5-C8 A: Elevates 2nd rib***, flexes & rotates vertebra O: TVP of Csp IN: first 2 ribs
Scalenus posterior
247
Suboccipital Triangle: - Roof? - Floor?
``` Roof = Semispinalis capitis muscle Floor = Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ```
248
What artery transverses thru the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery
249
Which nerve transverses thru the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital nerve
250
Name the superior, lateral border of the suboccipital triangle
Superior Oblique
251
Name the medial border of the suboccipital triangle
Rectus Capitus Posticus Major
252
Name the inferior, lateral border of the suboccipital triangle
Inferior Oblique
253
Erector spinal muscle groups
Iliocostalis --- Ilium/Ribs Longissimus --- TP/Ribs Spinalis --- SP/SP Actions for all: Extend & Ipsi Flex Innervation for all: Spinal n. Dorsal
254
Muscles of the thorax
External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Transverse Thoracic Subcostalis
255
O: Lower border of rib IN: Upper border of rib below A: Elevates ribs *** N: Intercostal nerve
External intercostals | both have E in them
256
O: Lower border of rib IN: Upper border of ribs below A: Depress ribs, interchondral part elevates ribs N: Intercostal nerves
Internal Intercostals
257
O: Posterior sternum & xiphoid IN: Costal cartilages 2-6 A: Depresses ribs N: Intercostal n.
Transverse thoracic
258
O: Inner, lower ribs near angles IN: Upper borders of ribs 2 or below A: Elevates ribs N: Intercostal
Subcostalis
259
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
External Oblique Internal Oblique Transverse Rectus Abdominus Cremaster
260
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
Quadratus lumborum Psoas Major Psoas Minor
261
What nerve pierces the Psoas Major?
Femoral Nerve
262
Muscles of the lateral pelvic wall
Piriformis | Obturator internus
263
O: Anterior Sacrum & Sacrotuberous ligament IN: Greater trochanter A: External hip rotation, Abduction of thigh N: S1-S2
Piriformis
264
O: Inner obturator membrane IN: Greater trochanter A: External rotation thigh N: Nerve to obturator internus
Obturator internus
265
What are the Levator Ani muscles?
Pubococcygeus Puborectalis Iliococcygeus
266
O: Pubis IN: Coccyx A: Supports pelvic viscera*** N: S3-S4 & Pudendal
Pubococcygeus
267
O: Pubis IN: "U" shaped rectal sling A: Completes pelvic floor N: S3-S4 & pudendal
Puborectalis
268
O: Pelvic fascia tendinous arch & ischial spine IN: Coccyx & anococcygeal ligament A: Completes pelvic floor N: S3-S4 & Pudendal
Iliococcygeus
269
O: Ischial spine & Sacrospinous ligament IN: Lower sacrum & coccyx A: Supports & pulls coccyx anteriorly N: S4-S5
Coccygeus
270
Muscles of Urogenital diaphragm (deep perineum)
Sphincter urethrae | Deep transverse perinei
271
O: Medial inferior pubic ramus IN: Median raphe & central perineal tendon A: Constricts urethra & blends w/vaginal wall N: Pudendal N
Sphincter urethrae
272
Pudendal nerve pass thru the greater & lesser _____ foramen
Sciatic
273
O: Medial ischial ramus IN: Central perineal tendon A: Supportive role N: Pudendal N
Deep transversus perinei
274
What are the superficial perineum muscles?
Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Superficial Transversus Perinei
275
O: Ischial Tuberosity & ramus IN: Crus (penis/clitoris) A: Aids in erection; Constricts vaginal orifice N: Perineal
Ischiocavernosus
276
O: Central Perineal tendon IN: Corpus Spongiosum A: Aids in erection N: Perineal
Bulbospongiosus
277
O: Ischial tuberosity IN: Central perineal tendon A: Support N: Perineal
Superficial transversus perinei
278
What CN goes with the following Brachial (pharyngeal) Arches: - Arch: I - Skeletal Structures: Malleus (Meckel's cartilage) & Incus (Quadrate cartilage) - Muscles: Muscles of mastication & jaw-closing muscles
V3 Mandibular branch of CNV Trigeminal
279
What CN goes with the following Brachial (pharyngeal) Arch: - Arch: 2 - Skeletal Structures: Stapes, Styloid - Muscles: Muscles of facial expression & jaw opening muscles; Stylohyoid, Stapedius
Facial (CN VII)
280
What CN? - Branchial Arch: 3 - Skeletal Structures: Cornu, Hyoid - Muscles: Stylopharyngeus
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
281
What CN? - Branchial Arch: 4 - Skeletal Structures: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage - Muscles: Pharyngeal, Cricothyroid, Levator palatine
Superior laryngeal of Vagus (X)
282
What CN: - Branchial Arch: 6 - Skeletal Structures: Arytenoid, Corniculate cartilage, Cuneiform cartilage - Muscles: Laryngeal
Inferior Laryngeal of Vagus (X)
283
Front of the VB's from Atlas to Occiput
ALL (anterior longitudinal ligament) | aka Anterior Atlanto-Occipital
284
Back of the VB's from Axis to Occiput
PLL (posterior longitudinal ligament) | aka Membrane Tectoria
285
Lamina to Lamina - (yellow ligament)
Ligamentum Flava
286
Ligament b/t Spinous processes | thickest in lumbars
Interspinous ligament
287
Ligament from SP to SP from C7-Occiput
Supraspinous Ligament | aka Ligamentum Nuchae
288
Holds the dens in fovea dentes of atlas (across posterior dens)
Transverse ligament
289
Ligament from body of C2 to occiput
Cruciform ligament
290
Ligament from the sides of the dens to occiput - Limits rotation
Alar ligament | aka Check Ligament
291
Ligament from tip of the dens to the rim of the occiput
Apical dental
292
"Toothed" ligament, anchors the spinal cord to the bony vertebral canal
Denticulate ligament
293
Where is the ALL located?
Front of VB's from Atlas to Occiput
294
Where is PLL (Membrane Tectoria) located?
Back of VB's from Axis to Occiput
295
Where is the Ligamentum Nuche located?
SP-SP from C7 to Occiput
296
Which ligaments can affect the IVF?
Flava, PLL
297
Projections from the tongue where taste buds are embedded
Papillae | both start with P
298
Cylindrical, largest, least in number, bitter taste receptor, 8-12 "V" shaped form anterior to the sulcus terminalis
Circum "Vallate" papillae | V-shape = Vallate
299
Mushroom-shaped, most numberous taste receptors, tip tongue
Fungiform | Mushrooms = Fungi
300
Posterior roof/mouth lateral margins
Foliate
301
Thread-like, sensitive to touch (no taste)
Filiform
302
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN _____ | Describe the pathway
CN VII (Facial) - sweet, sour, salty Taste Buds -- Solitary Tract (VII, IX, X) -- Solitary Nucleus -- Central Tegmental Tract -- VPM Thalamus -- PLIC -- Gustatory Cortex
303
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN ______
CN IX Glossopharyngeal (bitter)
304
Epiglottis & larynx are innervated by CN _____
CN X Vagus (bitter)
305
Embryonic thyroid diverticulum (dorsal depression of tongue)
Foramen Caecum
306
Aqueous humor is _____ while Vitreous humor is _____
Anterior / Posterior
307
IVD remnant from ____
Nucleus Pulposus
308
Cones are for _____
color
309
Structures that contain endolymph:
Scala media Saccule Utricle Semicircular ducts
310
Confluence of sinuses
EOP, IOP
311
Limbic area that contains Granular cells (interneurons), Mitral cells & Tufted cells & a Glomerulus
Olfactory Bulb
312
What is the nerve supply for Olfaction & describe the pathway
CN I - Olfactory Nerve Receptors -- CN I -- Cribiform Plate (Ethmoid) -- Olfactory Bulb -- Olfactory Tract (mitral & tufted cells) -- Olfactory Cortex (Lat Olf Gyrus, UNCUS or Med Olf Gyrus & Periamygdaloid) -- Hypothalamus -- Neocortex
313
What kind of cells does the Upper surface of the superior concha - main chemoreceptor?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
314
Retina develops from _____ | Sclera develops from _____
Ectoderm | Dura
315
Retinal cells include:
``` Amacrine Bipolar Ganglion Horizontal Pigments Rods & Cones (rhodopsin) ```
316
Semicircular Canals control...
Angular acceleration & deceleration of sound
317
Utricle & Saccule control ...
Linear Acceleration
318
Structure from Middle Ear to Nasopharygeal area?
Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)
319
Base Tympanic Membrane is _____ pitch
High
320
Pathway for Parasympathetic Nerves (III, VII, IX, X):
Hair cell -- Vestibular Ganglion -- Superior Vestibular Nucleus -- MLF ***
321
Pathway for CN V Trigeminal:
Trigeminal Ganglion -- Pars Interpolaris -- Thalamus -- PLIC
322
Pathway for CN VII Facial:
Geniculate Ganglion -- Pars Caudalis -- Thalamus -- PLIC
323
Pathway for CN IX Glossopharyngeal & CN X Vagus:
Superior Ganglion -- Pars Caudalis -- Thalamus -- PLIC
324
Where is the Transverse Ligament located?
Holds Dens in fovea dentes of Atlas (across posterior dens)
325
Where is the Cruciform Ligament?
C2 Body to Occiput
326
Where is the Alar (Check) Ligament?
Sides of Dens to Occiput (limit rotation)
327
Where is Apical Dental ligament?
Tip of Dens to Rim of Occiput
328
Where is Denticulate ligament?
Anchors spinal cord to bony vertebral canal
329
Nerve supply pathway for Vision:
Retina -- Optic N -- Optic Chiasm -- Optic Tract (connects superior colliculus) -- LATERAL geniculate nucleus (synapse) -- down the optic radiations -- calcarine fissure of the occipital lobe
330
Center of the Macula Lutea of Retina that provides greatest acuity (only cones)
Fovea Centralis
331
"Blind Spot" where optic nerve & vessels attach to the eye
Optic Disc
332
What muscle controls the lens shape?
Ciliary Muscle
333
Nerve supply Auditory pathway
Hair Cell (Organ of Corti) -- Spiral Ganglion -- CN VIII -- Ant & Post Cochlear Nucleus -- Lateral Lemniscus -- Inferior Colliculus -- MEDIAL geniculate nucleus -- Internal Capsule -- Temporal lobe
334
Describe the pathway of sound travel
External auditory meatus - tympanic membrane (ear drum) - Handle of Malleus - Head of Malleus - Incus - Stapes - Oval Window - Cochlea (perilymph) - Round Window
335
Intraoccular pressure causes ____ b/c blockage of Canal of Schlemm
Glaucoma

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