Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves (BIO 181-201)

Question 1

tracts

Answer 1

• distinct bundle of CNS axons
• common origin, destination & function
• mylenated
• named: Origin, destination

Question 2

meninges

Answer 2

membranes that surround nerve portion of spinal cord

Question 3

duramater

Answer 3

• outermost layer

- very tough

Question 4

arachnoid mater

Answer 4

• thin

- weblike membrane

Question 5

pia mater

Answer 5

• innermost layer
• firmly attached to fluid nervous tissue
• forms filum teriminale

Question 6

subarachnoid space

Answer 6

• arachnoid & pia mater

- weblike strands of arachnoid mater, CFS, blood vessels

Question 7

white matter

Answer 7

outer portion of spinal cord

Question 8

grey matter

Answer 8

inner portion of spinal cord

Question 9

ventral root

Answer 9

• NO GANGLION

- motor information

Question 10

sensory receptors

Answer 10

• responds to specific stimuli only

- can only reach spine if strong enough to create action potential

Question 11

sensory neuron

Answer 11

goes through dorsal root (back)

Question 12

interneuron

Answer 12

• makes IDSP’s and EPSP’s

- makes appropriate reflex responce

Question 13

motor neuron

Answer 13

• skeletal muscle effector=somatic reflex

- smooth, cardiac muscle or glands= autonomic (visceral) reflex

Question 14

stimulus= stretching

reflex=________

Answer 14

shortening

Question 15

dorsal ramus

Answer 15

• branch

- wraps around muscles and skin

Question 16

ventral ramus

Answer 16

• forms things in different spinal regions

- thorastic= intercostal nerves

Question 17

anterior median fissure

Answer 17

• shows anterior side of spine
• large fissure
• entire length of spinal cord

Question 18

ventral rami are roots of the _____

Answer 18

plexus

Question 19

horns

Answer 19

grey matter

Question 20

thin posterior (dorsal)

Answer 20

• thin

- neuron cell bodies for somatic visceral sensory neculi

Question 21

large anterior (ventral)

Answer 21

• motor
• large
• contain cell bodies for symatic neurons

Question 22

small lateral

Answer 22

• thorastic and lumbar

- visceral motor neculi (none in neck)

Question 23

grey commissures

Answer 23

• 2

- connects horns on left and right to communicate

Question 24

rootlets

Answer 24

• 6 to 8 associated with grey matter

- comes together to form dorsal and ventral roots

Question 25

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 25

- collection of neuron cell bodies | - carries sensory information

Question 26

cervical plexus

Answer 26

- c1 to c4 - roots and branches - phrenic nerve (diaphragm)

Question 27

- C5 to T1 - trunks - named for position in respect to axilary artery

Answer 27

brachial plexus

Question 28

lumbar plexus

Answer 28

T12 to L4

Question 29

major nerves from lumbar plexus

Answer 29

-genitfemoral _lateral femoral cutaneous -femoral nerve -saphenous

Question 30

spinal nerves of sacral plexus

Answer 30

L4 to S4

Question 31

2 major nerves fro sacral plexus

Answer 31

- sciatic ____> fibular and tibial | - pudendal

Question 32

MS

Answer 32

- localized brain lesions - demyelination of neurons in brain and spinal cord myelin sheaths become hard causing poor conduction of action potentials

Question 33

spina bifida

Answer 33

- congenital defect of veretebral column L5 and/or L1 fail to unite at midline - menigies and/or spinal cord may protrude through defect in laminae

Question 34

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Answer 34

-caused by poliovirus produces paralysis bu destroying all bodies of motor neurons

Question 35

meningitis

Answer 35

- inflammation of meninges due to infection usually by bacteria or virus. - pus may accumulate in subarachnoid space; disrupting CFS - stiffness in neck, headache and fever, paralysis, coma or death

Question 36

shingles

Answer 36

- acute infection of peripheral nervous system - caused by herpes zoster - survives in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion--->sensory neurons of skin by fast ___ transport - pain, skin discoloration, skin blisters

Question 37

tabes dorsalis

Answer 37

- progressive, untreated syphilis - wasting away of dorsal roots and columns - symptoms: ataxia--> anesthesia-->paralysis

Question 38

myocradial infraction (MI) (heart attack)

Answer 38

when blood flow to an area of the heart is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach its cells. waste products are not removed and the muscle cells die

Question 39

some women's heart attack symptoms seem more ___ like

Answer 39

flu

Question 40

life threatening complications that can result from either too much insulin or too little food

Answer 40

insulin reaction or hyperglycemia

Question 41

__ and ___ may also lead to insulin reaction in people with diabetes

Answer 41

vomiting; diarrhea

Question 42

glucose tablets

Answer 42

quick source of sugar for diabetics

Question 43

first signs of insulin reaction

Answer 43

- feeling weak or different - nervousness - dizziness - perspiration

Question 44

having too little insulin in the body resulting from infections (especially UTIs) undiagnosed diabetes, not enough insulin, eating too much, not enough exercise, or stress

Answer 44

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemia

Question 45

involuntary, often violent, contractions of muscles caused by abnormalities in the brain

Answer 45

seizures