Spinal Nerves

Question 1

Mesentaphalon is another name for what?

Answer 1

midbrain

Question 2

The brainstem consists of:

Answer 2

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

Question 3

What region of the brain is the midbrain located in?

Answer 3

Mesentaphalon

Question 4

What region of the brain is the pons located in?

Answer 4

Metentephalon

Question 5

What region of the brain is the medulla located in?

Answer 5

Mylentephalon

Question 6

respiration

Answer 6

Pons

Question 7

processing of cardiovascular, breathing, etc

Answer 7

Medulla

Question 8

The nerves that come off the brain

Answer 8

cranial nerves

Question 9

The nerves that come off the brain

Answer 9

spinal nerves

Question 10

What are the 3 cerebrum peduncles called?

Answer 10

superior, middle, and inferior peduncles

Question 11

The brainstem contains tracts that connect

Answer 11

the cerebrum (cerebral peduncles)
the cerebellum (cerebellar peduncles)
the spinal cord (pyramidal, extrapyramidal tracts)

Question 12

Brainstem also contains various nuclei that serve basic functions, such as:

Answer 12

1. control of muscles (head and neck)
2. autonomic regulating internal organs, glands & vasculature (vegetative functions).
3. Somatosensations (fine touch and conscious proprioceptions)

Question 13

Lastly, the brainstem is the origin of nearly all the cranial nerves

Answer 13

cranial nerves (CN III-XII)
except CN I and II

Question 14

The midbrain consists of:

Answer 14

• Corpora quadrigemina (dorsal surface)
• Tectum (roof of midbrain)
• Substantia Nigra
  (cell mass that produces dopamine, necessary for normal movement, destruction leads to Parkinson’s disease)

Question 15

Name the two areas the Corpora quadrigemina are divided into.

Answer 15

Two Superior Colliculi
Two Inferior Colliculi

Question 16

Midbrain:

Answer 16

1. Is the uppermost part of the brainstem
2. Connects the diencephalon and the pons
   Is divided into three regions from anterior to posterior
   
   • Basis pedunculi
   • Tegmentum
   • Tectum
3. Cerebral aqueduct, a small canal through the midbrain, joins the third and fourth ventricles.

Question 17

• Contains the pretectal area and the colliculi
• Pretectal area is involved in the pupillary, consensual, and accommodation reflexes of the eye.

Answer 17

Tectum

Question 18

relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei to the to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus

Answer 18

inferior colliculi

Question 19

involved in reflexive eye and head movements. Superior colliculi relay visual information to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Answer 19

superior colliculi

Question 20

Contains vertical sensory tracts, superior cerebellar peduncle, red nucleus, PPN (pedunculopontine), and the nuclei of CNs III and IV

Answer 20

Tegmentum

Question 21

1. It is cone shaped
2. It tapers down to become continuous with spinal cord via foramen magnum
3. It is located behind the basilar portion of occipital bone
4. Posterior portion of upper part of medulla forms floor of the 4th ventricle

Answer 21

Medulla Oblongata

Question 22

Functions of the Medulla:

Answer 22

1. coordinating swallowing.
2. help regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity.
   (Hyperventilate)

Question 23

lie on the ventral surface of the medulla

Answer 23

medullary pyramids

Question 24

pyramids that contain the corticospinal tracts, which are involved in the control of voluntary movement (upper motor neurons).

Answer 24

medullary pyramids

Question 25

The rostral medulla also contains several nuclei that are important for

Answer 25

hearing

Question 26

The nuclei in the rostral medulla is called?

Answer 26

1. Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei 2. Superior Olivary Complex

Question 27

In this rostral area, also have:

Answer 27

1. Inferior olive, important for motor control 2.Raphe nucleus, important for modulation of pain, mood & wakefulness 3. Reticular formation

Question 28

A plexus that provides cutaneous sensory information from the posterior scalp to the clavicle. innervates the anterior neck muscles and diaphragm.

Answer 28

Cervical plexus

Question 29

A plexus that the Entire upper limb is innervated by

Answer 29

Brachial plexus branches

Question 30

A plexus where branches innervate the skin and muscles of the anterior and medial thigh.

Answer 30

Lumbar plexus

Question 31

A plexus that innervates the posterior thigh and most of the leg and foot; contains parasympathetic axons

Answer 31

Sacral plexus

Question 32

Where motor axons synapse with muscle fibers

Answer 32

neuromuscular junction

Question 33

A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by its axon terminals make up a

Answer 33

motor unit

Question 34

Signs of peripheral nerve damage include the following changes:

Answer 34

1. Motor-e.g. paralysis/paresis 2. Sensory- e.g. anesthesia/paresthesia 3. Autonomic

Question 35

degree muscle stay contracted

Answer 35

muscle tone

Answer 36

flaccid paralysis

Answer 37

spastic paralysis

Answer 38

atrophy

Question 39

touch is categorized as what

Answer 39

fine or crude touch

Question 40

touch is mediated by free endings throughout the skin.

Answer 40

crude touch

Question 41

touch includes a variety of receptors and subsensations.

Answer 41

fine touch

Question 42

receptors that respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, noxious stimuli, and temperature

Answer 42

Cutaneous receptors

Question 43

What are the anatomical structures of the brachial plexus?

Question 44

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2 forms the

Answer 44

the axons of the ventral ramus

Question 45

axons from the ventral rami