Spinal Q&A Exam 2 Flashcards
(689 cards)
1
Q
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
A
posterolateral, 45 degrees
2
Q
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
A
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
3
Q
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?
A
C5 spinal nerve
4
Q
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?
A
C6 spinal nerve
5
Q
What direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
A
posteromedially
6
Q
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
A
ligamentum flavum
7
Q
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
8
Q
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
A
para-articular processes
9
Q
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
A
accessory bone
10
Q
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
A
heterotopic bone
11
Q
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
A
heart-shaped or triangular
12
Q
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervicals?
A
transverse
13
Q
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ______?
A
C6
14
Q
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
A
C5/C6
15
Q
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
A
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
16
Q
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
A
splenius crevicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
17
Q
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
A
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarri
18
Q
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
A
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
19
Q
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
A
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
20
Q
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
A
the carotid tubercle
21
Q
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
A
common carotid artery
22
Q
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
A
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
23
Q
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae?
A
articular pillar
24
Q
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
A
40 - 45 degrees from the coronal plane
25
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55 - 60 degrees
26
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
27
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward, (FoLD)
28
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
29
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
30
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
31
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
32
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
33
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
34
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral beding and axial rotation
35
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
36
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to descries at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
37
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
they are bifid
38
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
39
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
40
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
41
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
42
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervivacl intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
43
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch (or incisure)
44
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch (or incisure)
45
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
46
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
47
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
48
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
anterior arch
49
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
anterior tubercle
50
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
51
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
52
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
53
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, slower together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
54
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
55
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
56
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
57
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
58
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plant (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
59
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
60
What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of C1?
about forty percent
61
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
62
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about 50 millimeters; females: about 37 millimeters
63
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
64
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
65
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
66
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
67
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
68
What are the attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus?
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and the superior articular process of the lateral mass of the atlas
69
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic population studied thus far
70
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1-41%
71
What is the generic bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
72
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about 15%; the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as 41%
73
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
inferior vertebral notch and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
74
What is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and the atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
75
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
76
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
77
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, elevator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
78
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
79
What are the connections between sub occipital muscles an the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
80
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
81
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
82
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
retrotransverse foramen
83
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the sub occipital nerve and veins communicating with the nervous sinuses of the neck
84
Which of the pentacles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
85
Which of the pentacles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
86
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
87
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
88
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 mm for both male and females
89
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
90
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
91
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
92
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
93
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
94
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
5
95
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentist, groove for transverse Atlanta ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
96
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
97
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
98
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
99
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
5
100
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
101
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
10
102
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
103
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
104
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
105
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
106
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
107
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus captifs inferior muscles, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
108
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus captifs inferior
109
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
110
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
111
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
112
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
113
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are absent at C2?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
114
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
115
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
Males: 57mm and females: about 50 mm
116
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
117
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
118
What is the location for palpation of the spinous process of C2?
in the middle, about 2 inches below the external occipital protuberance
119
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis services, semispinalis services, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
120
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum niche, interspinous ligaments
121
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
122
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
123
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
124
In what precent of men and women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men: 86% and women: 79%
125
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
126
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
127
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
128
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
the right and left uncinate processes
129
What muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscles
130
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
131
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracic, longissimus crevices, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
132
What is the angulation of the articular facet at C7?
more vertical at about 63 degrees
133
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
134
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
135
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus crevices, longissimus capitais, semispinalis cervicais and multifidis
136
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long, horizontal, nonbifid
137
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serrates posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capties, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
138
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum niche and interspinous ligaments
139
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
140
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
141
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery latency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
142
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
143
What are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
144
Typically, at what vertebral levels will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
145
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
146
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
147
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
148
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
149
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine- medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
150
Which sub occipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus wapitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
151
Which sub occipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
152
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
153
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
154
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
155
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
156
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit form the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
157
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
158
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
159
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C2, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C2, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C2, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
160
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
161
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
162
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
163
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
164
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1 = 5, C2 = 8, C3-6 = 8, C7 = 6
165
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1 = none, C2 = 10, C3-6 = 10, C7 = 8
166
Which thoracic segments are considered they typical thoracic?
T2-T8 segments
167
Which features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
168
What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?
triangular
169
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
170
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
171
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
172
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height bye one to two millimeters
173
What is the height patterns of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
174
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
175
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
176
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
kyphotic curve
177
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
178
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
179
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
2
180
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically 10 (14 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
181
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costcocentral joint
182
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
183
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets
184
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
185
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracic?
the costocentral joint or ribs
186
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
187
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal Demi-facet surface
188
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
longus colli
189
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
190
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
10-15 degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
191
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
lateral view
192
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?
the inferior vertebral notch or incisure
193
What is the nerve - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the nerve is the same as the number of the upper thoracic in the vertebral couple
194
What is the rib - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the rib is the same as the number of the lower thoracic in there vertebral couple
195
What is then overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
196
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
197
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
198
What is the direction of the transverse process in the typical thoracic?
the transverse process projects more posterior with each inferior vertebra
199
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the transverse tubercle
200
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
201
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
202
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for the typical thoracics?
the number of the rib is the same as the number of the vertebra whose transverse process is being studied; fifth rib with T5 transverse process
203
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
204
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
205
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
206
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to rib _____.
5
207
The inferior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib ____.
5
208
The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib _____.
5
209
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
inter transverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
210
Which joint classification is associated with the inter transverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
211
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus thoraces, longissimus crevices, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
212
Of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracic, which ones will attach only to the T5-T8 vertebral segments?
seemispinalis thoracis and levator costarum longus
213
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
214
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
215
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
216
What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?
about 10-20 degrees from the coronal plane; 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
217
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
the face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
218
What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly convex
219
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly concave
220
What is the joint classification fo the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
221
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
10
222
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.
2 superior costal demi-facets, 2 inferior costal demi-facets, 2 transverse costal facets, 2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets
223
What is the pars interarticularis?
the region between the superior and inferior articular processes
224
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
225
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracic?
T5-T8
226
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
227
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
228
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
229
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
230
What joint classification is associated with yip cal thoracic spinous process ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
231
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serrates posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis services, spinalis capties, semispinalis thoracis, multifitis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
232
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, and interspinalis
233
What joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
234
The fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint will occur at what parts of a typical thoracic vertebra?
vertebral body, lamina, transverse process, spinous process
235
At what part(s) of a typical thoracic vertebra will the synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint be observed?
vertebral body, transverse process, articular process
236
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
237
What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?
uncinate processes
238
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals
239
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
4 normally
240
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?
2
241
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically 4 are identified (as many as eight if the rib articulation is included)
242
How many joints are formed at the vertebra body of T1?
typically 10 (14 if the rib ligaments are included)
243
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
4
244
What synovial joint surfaces are present not he T1 vertebral body?
the right and left superior costal facet, the right and left inferior costal demi-facet
245
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the 8th cervical nerve?
the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
246
What ligament supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
247
What ligaments support the costocentral joint of the second rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
248
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1
249
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?
the longus colli
250
Which spinal nerve - vertebral notch or incisure combination is present at T1?
C8 spinal nerve - the superior vertebral notch or incisure of T1
T1 spinal nerve - the inferior vertebral notch or incisure of T1
251
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
252
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
253
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?
inter transverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
254
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?
the second rib costotransverse joint
255
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis
multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
256
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
face backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
257
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
258
What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of T1?
slightly convex
259
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of T1?
slightly concave
260
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
10
261
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present at T1?
6
262
What name is used to identify the topographical landmark at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
263
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6, C7, T1
264
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence
265
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serrates posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis services, spinalis capties, semispinalis thoracis, multifitis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
266
How many syndesmosis joint are formed a the vertebral body of T9?
typically 4 are identified (as many as 8 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
267
How many joint are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?
typically 10 (14 if costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
268
How many costocentral joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?
4
269
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
inferior costal demi-facets
270
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?
transverse costal facet
271
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T9?
inter transverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
272
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T9 support?
10th rib costotransverse joint
273
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
274
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?
6
275
Which rib related facet may be absent on T9?
inferior costal demi-facet
276
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
277
What is the length of the spinous process of T9?
it will shorten significantly from the long spinous process of T8
278
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
279
Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?
spinalis and semispinalis
280
How many synovial joint are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
2
281
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
2
282
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically 8 (12 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
283
How many costocentral joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
2
284
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebra body of T10?
right and left superior costal facet
285
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
286
What is the rib - vertebral body combination is typically present at the intervertebral foramen for the tenth thoracic nerve?
the superior costal facet of T11 will join with the articular surface of the head of the 11th rib
287
Para-articular processes are more Emily observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
288
What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?
transverse costal facet
289
The superior costotransverse ligament of T10 will attach to which rib?
11th rib
290
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
291
How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?
8
292
Which rib related facet is absent on T10?
the inferior costal demi-facet
293
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
294
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
295
What name is given to to T11?
anticlinal vertebra
296
Which vertebral segment is the first to have a reniform vertebral body?
T11
297
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
2
298
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically 8 (12 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
299
What part of the transverse process is absent present on T11?
transverse costal facet
300
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
301
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
superior costotransverse and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
302
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
12th rib costotransverse joint
303
The inferior costotransverse ligament of T11 will attach to which rib?
11th rib
304
The lateral costotransvserse ligament of the transverse process of T11 attaches to which rib?
11th rib
305
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?
capsular costotransverse ligament
306
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
307
Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?
levator costarum longus
308
Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
309
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
310
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
311
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
6
312
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T11.
2 superior costal facets, 2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets
313
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratura posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
314
At which segments of the thoracic spine will the spinalis muscle not attach?
T9, T10
315
Which erector spinal muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?
iliocostalis lumborum
316
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
2
317
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
2
318
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
4 typically (as many as 6 fi the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
319
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
typically 8 (10 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
320
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
321
What is present at the transverse process region of T12?
3 tubercles of variable size
322
Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
lateral tubercle
323
Which tubercle on T12 represent the mammillary process of the lumbars?
superior tubercle
324
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?
inferior tubercle
325
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
326
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
none; the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12
327
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and intertransversarii
328
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
329
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
330
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
331
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
332
What is the curvature of the superior articular facets of a T12?
slightly concave
333
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?
significantly convex
334
What is the joint classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
335
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12
6
336
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T12.
2 superior costal facets, 2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets
337
Which erector spinal muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?
iliocostalis lumborum
338
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
interspinalis
339
What joint classifications are present at T12?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joint
340
Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of a thoracic vertebrae?
longus colli, poses major, poses. minor
341
Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?
T1-T3, T12
342
Which erector spinal muscle will attach along the length of the thoracic spine?
longissimus
343
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate an attachment at the transverse process for the semispinalis muscle group?
T12
344
Which thoracic is the first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T1
345
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate the attachment of levator costarum brevis?
T11
346
Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T7
347
Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T10
348
Rhomboid moor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?
T1 only
349
Rhomboid major will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?
T2-T5
350
Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serrates posterior superior?
T1-T3
351
Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serrates posterior inferior?
T11-T12
352
Which thoracics demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the splenius muscles?
T1-T6
353
Which thoracics demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the iliocostalis lumborum?
T11-T12
354
Which thoracics lack any spinalis muscle group attachment on their spinous process?
T9-T10
355
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
356
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
357
What is the direction of the normal lumbar curve?
anterior (lordotic)
358
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
decrease in height, increase in circumference
359
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the typical lumbar vertebral body?
none
360
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
6
361
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
362
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
2
363
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
4
364
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
365
What muscle may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and psoas minor
366
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
367
What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
368
What are the types of transforaminal ligaments?
superior transforaminal, middle transforaminal and inferior transforaminal ligaments
369
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
370
What corporotransverse ligaments are identified?
superior corporotransverse and inferior corporotransverse ligaments
371
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
anterior Hofmann ligaments, posterior Hofmann ligaments, lateral Hofmann ligaments and proximal root sleeve ligaments
372
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region
373
Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
374
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
375
What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
376
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
377
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
378
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?
resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen
379
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overall of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
380
What part of the central nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?
the conus medullar is is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1
381
What part of the peripheral nerve system is presenting the lumbar spine?
the caudal equine is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4
382
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?
each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3; L4 then begins to decrease in length
383
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
384
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
styloid process
385
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process occurs with what frequency?
7% occurrence
386
What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?
costotransverse bar
387
What ligament(s) will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
388
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the mammillary process and accessory process of the same ligament
389
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
390
What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
391
What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?
the lumbocostal ligament
392
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
393
Which trasnversospinalis muscle group attaches to the typical lumbar transverse process?
rotators
394
What ligament attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
395
What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?
zygapophysis, lamina and spinous process
396
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
vertebral body and pedicle
397
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
398
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
399
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
mammillary process
400
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidis and intertransversarii
401
What ligament will attach to the lumbar mammillary process and accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
402
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
403
What additional ligaments are said to attach to lumbar articular processes?
transforaminal ligaments
404
How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
4
405
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
406
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/3 and L3/4; the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/5 and L5/S1
407
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
408
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
409
What is Baastrup's Syndrome?
elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
410
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratura posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
411
What is the appearance of the 5th lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several mm; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral x-ray view
412
How many synovial joint surfaces are present the 5th lumbar vertebral body?
none
413
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the L5 vertebral body?
4
414
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the 5th lumbar?
6
415
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
2
416
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
4
417
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of the 5th lumbar?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
418
What muscle(s) attach to the 5th lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
419
What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforming ligaments
420
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the TVP?
corporotransverse ligaments
421
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
anterior Hofmann ligaments, posterior Hofmann ligaments, lateral Hofmann ligaments, and proximal root sleeve ligaments
422
What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.
On cranial view, lateral surface of pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region
423
What accounts for the shortness of the L5 TVP?
the hip/innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane
424
What muscle(s) attach to the 5th lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
425
What muscles may attach to the TVP of the 5th thoracic vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
426
What ligaments traditionally attach to the TVP of the 5th lumbar vertebra?
lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo-accessory ligaments
427
What is the reported angulation and x-ray appearance of the 5th lumbar articular facets?
the lie in the vertical plane and are coronal facets
428
What is the orientation of the 5th lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
429
What is the orientation of the 5th lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
430
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidis and intertransversarii
431
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4; zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5, L5/S1
432
What name are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies int he sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
433
Define/describe joint tropism
the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other in a sagittal plane
434
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits Pina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
435
What is Knife Clasp Syndrome?
the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain
436
What muscles will attach to the 5th lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and brevis, and interspinalis
437
How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = 4 each
438
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5 = 6 each
439
Where is the superior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = backward, upward, medial (BUM)
440
Where is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
441
What is the generic shape of the first sacral vertebral body from the base view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
442
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
443
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the 1st sacral segment?
5
444
What is the origin of the sacral ala?
on base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possible the pedicle to form the sacral ala
445
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
anterior two-thirds
446
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
447
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
448
What muscle(s) will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?
multifidis
449
Fusion of the vertebral bodies of the sacrum process the intervertebral disc is called ______.
synostosis
450
From anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
451
What forms the medial sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
452
What muscles may attach to the medial sacral crest?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis
453
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular process and their facets
454
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
mammillary process of S1 and sacral cornu of S5
455
What does the sacral cornu represent?
inferior articular process and facet of S5
456
What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
sacral hiatus
457
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
fused TVP and transverse tubercles from S1-S5
458
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3-S5
459
What is the name fo the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
accessory sacro-iliac joint
460
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
461
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
multifidis, iliocostalis lumborum
462
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
iliacus
463
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
464
What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
465
What is the sacral promontory?
bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
466
The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
467
The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
468
What forms the posterior boundary for the 5th sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacroccygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
469
What forms the anterior boundary for the 5th sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of S5, vertebral body of Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
470
What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
471
What synovial joint surfaces are present at sacrum?
2 superior articular facets, 2 auricular surfaces
472
How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?
4
473
What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
474
What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
475
What is the homolog for the ALL at S5?
anterior sacrococccygeal ligament
476
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
477
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
478
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
479
What ligament is a homolog of the inter transverse ligament at S5?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
480
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
sacrospinous ligament
481
Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
sacrotuberous ligament
482
Which ligament represent a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the scare-iliac joint?
anterior sacro-iliaca ligament
483
Which ligament is the strongest of the SI ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
484
Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
short posterior sacro-iliac ligament
485
Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
long posterior sacro-iliac ligament
486
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?
sacral cornu
487
What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?
coccygeal cornu
488
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
489
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
10
490
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
491
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
492
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
vertebral body; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process
493
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
coccygeal cornu
494
What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?
form caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
495
What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?
posterior (kyphotic)
496
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees
497
How many coccygeal nerves are presenting the fetus?
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
498
What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx
499
What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified
500
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ischiococcygeus and levator ani
501
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
502
What lig is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
posterior sacrococcygeal lig
503
What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig and intercornual lig
504
What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig and intervertebral disc
505
What is the greek word for vertebra?
spondylos
506
What is the definition of the suffix "osis"?
condition
507
What is the definition of the suffix "lysis"?
cleavage or separation
508
What is the definition of the suffix "listhesis"?
slippage
509
What is the definition of spondylosis
vertebral condition
510
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
511
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
vertebral slippage
512
What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?
vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related
513
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
congenital, acquired during development, result of aging, result of trauma
514
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in spinal II?
a separation along the pars interarticularlis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
515
What parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?
anterior element from the posterior element
516
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
native alaskan (inuit) population
517
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
vertebral body and pedicle, and articular process (the intervertebral disc is also indicated when looking at a vertebral couple)
518
What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?
the other articular process, lamina, and spinous process
519
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
520
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?
52.6%
521
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, MC at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
522
Is cervical spondylolysis the results of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age-related conditions?
congenital conditions, with cartilage centers failing to form or unite
523
What additional abnormalities are often associated with or linked to cervical spondylolysis?
spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
524
What is the gender and vertebral location bias associated with cervical spondylolysis?
men at the C6 level
525
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under 5, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
526
Lumbar spondylolysis only been reported in what types of species?
those species that walk erect; humans
527
What does lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to?
uniquely human upright stance or erect posture
528
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
529
Wha is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 year olds
530
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
531
What motion(s) is particularly associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
hyperextension coupled with rotation
532
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
533
What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function
534
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a Scotty dog
535
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
536
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
537
What is the appearance of a defect in the pars interarticularis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
538
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the neck of a Scotty dog?
pars interarticularis below the superior articular process
539
In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
the neck of the Scotty dog
540
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
the pedicle
541
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?
superior articular process
542
What part of lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
the transverse process
543
What is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in the general population?
it's rare
544
What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
545
Is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age-related condition?
seems to be acquired
546
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
kayaking and harpooning
547
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?
native Alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level
548
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
549
What vertebral condition results in spondylolisthesis?
bilateral spondylolysis
550
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
anterior or forward displacement
551
What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?
retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
552
Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?
dysplastic or congenital spondylolisthesis
553
What is the locational bias of type I spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
554
What is the location of the defect associated with type I spondylolisthesis?
more frequently the vertebral arch
555
What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?
spina bifida occult and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
556
Identify all names given to type II spondylolisthesis.
isthmus spondylolisthesis
557
Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in Spinal II?
lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis
558
What is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis?
micro fractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyper flexion and rotation
559
What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
teenagers or young adults
560
Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?
no, particularly in cases of unilateral spondylolysis
561
What spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmus spondylolisthesis demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
562
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmus spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1
563
Which type of spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1 level?
type II spondylolisthesis or isthmmic spondylolisthesis
564
All names given to type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis
565
What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is often associated with osteoarthritis, IVD degeneration, ligament laxity and articular facet remodeling
566
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/5 and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of spinal canal
567
Which type of spondylolisthesis is MC in women at L4/5?
type III spondylolisthesis or degenerative spondylolisthesis
568
All names given to type IV spondylolisthesis?
traumatic spondylolisthesis
569
What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
570
Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?
no
571
All names given to type V spondylolisthesis?
pathologic spondylolisthesis
572
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
573
Result of type V spondylolisthesis?
bone of the neural arch is lengthened such that listless occurs
574
What determines the length of the IVF?
width of the pedicle
575
What may extend the length of the IVF?
transverse process, muscles or ligaments
576
What forms the superior boundary for the typical IVF?
inferior vertebral notch of the pedicle above
577
What is the average height of the IVF?
13 mm
578
What percent of total vertebral column length does "true" IVF height from C2-S1 equal?
40%
579
What percent of total vertebral column length does all intervertebral foramina height from occiput Co1 equal?
53%
580
What are the generic contents of the IVF?
neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue
581
What is the percent of neural tissue in the IVF?
from 8-50%
582
Which branches of the spinal artery may occupy the IVF?
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder artery and the posterior medullary feeder artery
583
What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?
artery of Adamkiewicz or the artery radicals magna anterior
584
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
585
What is the most likely region of the thoracic spine for herniation?
below T8
586
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
587
Which venous vessels of the vertebra will draining the segmental veins?
external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
588
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
they appear to lack valves
589
What size lymphatic vessels lie in the IVF?
medium sized lymphatics
590
What type(s) of connective tissue will be present in the IVF?
adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
591
What parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the IVF?
lateral groove and uncinate process
592
What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the IVF?
they descend along the spinal cord
593
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases
594
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine IVF size?
cross-sectional area diminishes after age 50
595
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spine nerve?
the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
596
What contributes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic IVF?
costocentral joint
597
What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to IVF size above L4?
the nerve root size will account for less that 22% of the available size
598
What is the relationship of Lumbar nerve root size to IVF size below L4?
nerve root size will account for up to 30% of the available size
599
Which are the largest spinal nerves?
L5 and S1 spinal nerves
600
What increases the length of the IVF at L5?
lumbosacral tunnel
601
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
602
What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
603
What ligaments may contribute to the loss of size in lumbar IVF?
transforaminal lig and the corporotransverse lig
604
What is the relationship between IVD herniation and lumbar spinal nerve?
IVD above the IVF is usually the source of damage
605
What is unusual about the sacral IVF compared to other IVFs?
a completely osseous boundary exists
606
What is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral IVF?
the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis
607
What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to IVF size above L4?
the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size
608
What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to IVF at S5-Co1?
2 nerves present, S5 and Co1
609
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
tuberculosis, hemangioma, osteoporosis
610
What are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the IVF?
the bony spurs of the vertebral body and para-articular processes on the lamina
611
What are examples of acquired alternations fo the spinal curves identified in class?
obesity, pregnancy and use of heavy backpacks
612
What is the recommended weight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the developing spine?
backpack weight should not exceed 10% individual body weight
613
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
anterior, posterior, lateral
614
What is the direction of the primary curve of the vertebral column?
posterior
615
Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?
it is first curve to appear embryologically
616
What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?
the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
617
What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve
618
What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?
cervical curve and lumbar curve
619
What segmental levels form the cervical curve?
C2-T1
620
What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?
T12-L5
621
What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve?
third fetal month
622
What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?
during the last trimester in utero
623
What is the time during which then "adult" cervical curve is said to appear?
within the first year after birth
624
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
3. the head is held upright
4. the IVD height becomes greater anterior than posterior
625
At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
626
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
righting reflex
627
What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?
typically between C4 and C5
628
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
629
What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?
cervical kyphosis
630
What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?
cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
631
What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?
between 12 and 18 months after birth
632
What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?
crawling and walking
633
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward.
2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
3. IVD heigh will become greater anterior compared to posterior
4. walking will further promote muscle and IVD development
634
What happens within the IVD to facilitate the lumbar curve development?
the nucleus pulpous of L4 will shift its position within the annulus fibrosis
635
Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walk-in?
vision
636
What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?
females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve
637
What is the vertebral relationship between lumbar curve and lumbar enlargement?
lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12
638
What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?
faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness
639
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
they appear after 6 years old
640
What locations of lateral curves are recognized?
C, T/dorsal, and L
641
What lateral curves are best developed?
thoracic or dorsal and lumbar
642
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
right-handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
643
What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?
about 80% of the population demonstrates this
644
What does the suffix "osis" mean?
condition
645
Does "osis" infer a normal or an abnormal condition?
neither, it is non-judgemental
646
What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
647
Definition of lordosis?
forward bending condition
648
Kyphosis?
humpback or hunchback condition
649
What is definition of scoliosis?
warped or crooked condition
650
What is the direction of the curve deviation in scoliosis?
to the side (it is a lateral curve deviation)
651
Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of lordosis?
no, there would be an increase in the anterior direction in the cervical spine, lumbar spine or a decrease in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine and pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
652
What clinical abnormal curvatures of vertebral column were stressed in class?
military neck, humpback, swayback
653
Military neck
decreased anterior curve in cervical region, straight neck
654
Humpback
increased pos. curve in thoracic region
655
Swayback
increased anterior curve in lumbar region
656
Classic classification of military neck
kyphosis
657
Classic classification of humpback
kyphosis
658
Classic classification of swayback
lordosis
659
What does the use of the term lordotic try to imply?
normal cervical and normal lumbar anterior curve
660
Kyphotic
normal thoracic or dorsal and normal pelvic or sacrococcygela posterior curve
661
Prefixes are used to convey abnormality in curve patterns?
hyper or hypo
662
What does there term hyperlordotic infer?
increase in anterior curve of cervical or lumbar region
663
Hypolordotic
decrease in anterior curve of cervical/lumbar region
664
Hyperkyphotic
increase in posterior curve of thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region
665
What does the term hypokyphotic infer?
decrease in posterior curve or thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygela region
666
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
667
What are the curve classifications for humpback?
kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
668
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
669
What is there complete, accepted definition of scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation
670
What is the radiological test for skeletal maturity?
the Risser sign, an indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis
671
What are the classification of scoliosis according to Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
672
What does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?
length and angle of curve deviation on x-ray
673
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb Method
674
What does location of scoliosis infer?
location of the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation
675
What does direction of scoliosis refer to?
the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward
676
What does etiology of scoliosis mean?
the cause of the scoliosis
677
What is structural scoliosis?
a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or IVD, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
678
What is nonstructural scoliosis?
a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or IVD and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation
679
What is the classification of scoliosis thetas unique to the individual patient?
idiopathic scoliosis
680
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
681
What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?
1-4% of the population
682
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, adolescent
683
What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
birth to 3 years
684
What is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
3-10 years old
685
What is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
over 10 years old
686
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.
left thoracic, male, less than 1%
687
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, and 12-21%
688
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80%
689
What is the genetic factor associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
an autosomal dominant factor that runs in families
