Spine

Question 1

Atlantoaxial

Answer 1

Consist of 2 joints; 1 median and 2 lateral
Lateral join (gliding synovial):
1. Superior facets of C2 and Inferior facets on the lateral masses of C1
2. Loose Capsule

Median joint (pivot joint):
1. Anterior surface of dens with fovea dentis of atlas and cartilaginous disc between posterior surface of dens with cruciate ligament
2. Loose articular capsule w/ synovial fluid in cavity
3. lig
Ant + post atlantoaxial membrane
Apical lig - dens to occipital bone
Cruciate ligament hold dens in place - longitudinal (superior and inferior from C2 body to clivus of occipital) and transverse (between tubercles of the lat masses)
Alar ligament - side of dens to lat margins of foramen magnum
Tectorial membrane - continuation of PLL to floor of cranial cavity
4. Movements - Rotation

Question 2

Atlantooccipital

Answer 2

Condyloid Synovial joint
1
Occipital condyles and superior articular facet of C1 covered in hyaline cartilage
2. Capsule -
loose with synovial membrane and synovial fluid in cavity
3.
Anterior and posterior atlantooccipital membrane (continuiation of flavum and ALL) attach at foramen magnum
Tectorial membrane continuation of PLL
Superior longitudinal band of cruciate
4
Flexion, extension and lateral flexion

Question 3

Vertebrae

Answer 3

Symphysis
1. (IV disc between bodies) between all vertebrae apart from C1, covered in hyaline cartilage w/ inner nucleus pulposa and annulus fibrosis

Zygapophysial (facet) joint - synovial plane joint-

1. • sup and inf articular processes on adjacent vertebrae
2. Thin capsule attached to the margins articular facets encloses each joint
3. sliding and gliding movement

Ligaments
ALL
PLL
Ligamentum flavum
interspinous
supra spinous >> nuchae in cervical 
intertransverse 

Movements of vertebral column: 
1.flexio (160)/ extensio (145)
 lateral flexion (100)
 rotatio (120)
 circumduction (combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction) 
2.curvatures: 
lordosis cervicalis
kyphosis thoracalis
lordosis lumbalis
kyphosis sacralis
-	scoliosis (physiological or abnormality)

Question 4

Sacrococcygeal joint

Answer 4

1. Ligg.:
   lig. sacrococcygeum ventrale
   lig. sacrococcygeum laterale
   lig. sacrococcygeum dorsale superficiale
   lig. sacrococcygeum dorsale profundum
2. Fibrocartilage disc