Spine and Deep Back Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

Describe the function of the vertebral arch

A

Protection of spinal cord

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2
Q

Identify and describe the function of the orange structure.

A

Spinous process
Muscle attachment and movement

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3
Q

Identify the green structure.

A

Pedicles

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4
Q

Identify and describe the function of the red structure.

A

Transverse process
Muscle attachment and movement

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5
Q

Identify the purple structure.

A

Lamina

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6
Q

Identify and describe the function of the yellow structure.

A

Superior articular process
Restriction of movement

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7
Q

Identify and describe the function of the blue structure.

A

Vertebral body
Supports bodyweight

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8
Q

Identify and describe the function of the shaded structure.

A

Vertebral foramina
Spinal cord runs through

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9
Q

Describe the changes in vertebrae with advancing age

A

Decreases in bone density
Articular surfaces bow inward
Periphery begins to compress
Osteophytes form in response

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10
Q

Describe the development of spinal curvatures

A

Primary curvatures in spine at infancy are kyphotic
-Thoracic & Sacral
Secondary curvatures in spine develop with supporting head & body weight
- Cervical & Lumbar

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11
Q

What are abnormal curvatures of the spine?

A

Excessive Kyphosis
Excessive Lordosis
Scoliosis

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12
Q

What abnormal spinal curvature is this?

A

Excessive Kyphosis

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13
Q

What abnormal spinal curvature is this?

A

Excessive Lordosis

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14
Q

What abnormal spinal curvature is this?

A

Scoliosis

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15
Q

Identify the labeled parts of this intervertebral disc

A

1: nucleus pulposus
2: annulus fibrosus
3: cartilaginous end plate
4: anterior longitudinal ligament
5: posterior longitudinal ligament

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16
Q

Describe a posterolateral disc herniation.

A

Posterolateral disc herniations are most common
The nucleus pulposus protrudes out of the annulus fibrosus where it is thinnest and lacks structural support from the ant & post longitudinal ligaments
The herniation in this direction is more likely to compress the nerve root and cause sypmtoms

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17
Q

What are the six ligaments of the spine?

A
  • anterior longitudinal
  • posterior longitudinal
  • supraspinous
  • interspinous
  • ligamentum flavum
  • intertransverse
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18
Q

What motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?

A

hyperextension

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19
Q

What motion does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit?

A

hyperflexion

*can help prevent disc herniation

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20
Q

What motion does the supraspinous ligament limit?

A

hyperflexion and separation of spinous processes during flexion

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21
Q

What motion does the interspinous ligament limit?

A

flexion

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22
Q

What motion does the intertransverse ligament limit?

A

lateral flexion

23
Q

What motion does the ligamentum flavum limit?

A

separation of the laminae during flexion

24
Q

Describe the structure of ligamentum nuchae and it’s function.

A

Spans the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7
Thick and triangular ligament
Resists flexion of the cervical spine

25
What are the six primary movements of the spine?
Flexion /Extension Lateral Flexion/ Lateral Extension Rotation of head/neck Rotation of trunk
26
Describe spine movement at the cervical spine
*all movements Flex/Ext Lateral Flex/Ext Axial rotation (C1&C2)
27
Describe spine movement at the thoracic spine
Does best in rotation Flexion/extension and lateral flexion limited by rib connections
28
Describe spinal movement at the lumbar spine
Primarily flexion and extension, some lateral flexion/ext Limited rotation
29
How does facet joint orientation affect spinal movements?
The facets of the articular processes are regions of joint contact. The angle of orientation allows for/limits spinal movement.
30
What is the angle of orientation of the facets at the cervical spine?
45 degrees in frontal plane allows for all movements
31
What is the angle of orientation of the facets at the thoracic spine?
60 degrees more oblique orientation allows more rotation and less flex/ext
32
What is the angle of orientation of the facets at the lumbar spine?
90 degrees more vertical allows for flex/ext but less rotation
33
Describe the meningeal coverings of the spinal cord
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater (dura narrows to denticulate ligaments/lateral expansions that anchor the spinal cord to the dura)
34
Describe spinal stenosis at the lumbar level
Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the vertebral canal that can cause compression of one or more spinal roots that occupy the canal Patients may present with lower extremity motor & sensory symptoms
35
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the extrinsic back muscles?
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae rhomboids
36
What muscles make up the intermediate layer of the extrinsic back muscles?
Serratus Posterior Superior Serratus Posterior Inferior
37
What muscles make up the supericial layer of the Intrinsic muscles of the back?
Splenius capitus Splenius cervicis
38
What muscles make up the intermediate layer of the Intrinsic muscles of the back?
Erector Spinae Group: Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis I Love Spaghetti!
39
What muscles make up the deep layer of the Intrinsic back muscles?
Transversospinalis Group: Multifidus Rotatores Longus Rotatores Brevis Semispinales and Interspinales Intertransversarii
40
What is the innervation of the Extrinsic mm. superficial layer?
ventral rami of spinal nn. *Except Trapezius - CN XI
41
What is the innervation of the Extrinsic mm, intermediate layer?
Intercostal nn.
42
What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Dorsal rami of spinal nn.
43
What is the segmental innveration of Serratus posterior superior?
T1-4
44
Segmental innervation of serratus posterior inferior
T9-12
45
P, D, A, I Serratus posterior superior
P: spinous processes of C7-T3 D: Inferior borders of ribs 2-5 A: proprioception of thoracic wall I: intercostal nn. (T1-4)
46
P, D, A, I Serratus posterior inferior
P: spinous processes of T11-L2 D: inferior borders of ribs 9-12 A: proprioception of thoracic wall I: intercostal nn. (T9-12)
47
Iliocostalis attachments
Thoracolumbar fascia to costal angles
48
Longissimus attachments
ribs & transverse processes
49
Spinalis attachments
spinous processes
49
Semispinalis (transversospinales) Attachments
P: transverse processes D: distant superior spinous processes
50
Multifidis (transversospinales) Attachments
P: sacrum, posterior SI lig, posterior iliac spine, transverse processes D: superior spinous processes
51
Rotatores longus and brevis (transversospinales) Attachments
P: Transverse processes D: Spinous process of vertebra above
52
Interspinales Attachments
between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
53
Intertransversarii Attachments
between transverse processes of adjacent veretebrae