Spine and Pelvic Girdle

Question 1

What type of cartilage covers the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

Answer 1

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 2

What is the function of the Vertebral Body?

Answer 2

Support body weight; give strength to the vertebral column

Question 3

What type of bone makes up the vertebral body?

Answer 3

Vascular, trabecular bone

Question 4

What is the first part of the vertebrae to ossify?

Answer 4

Pedicle

Question 5

In what orientation does the pedicle ossify?

Answer 5

medial to lateral

Question 6

What is the function of the pedicle?

Answer 6

Joins laminae to the vertebral body

Question 7

What direction does the transverse process project?

Answer 7

Posterolaterally

Question 8

What effect does the transverse process have?

Answer 8

Increases surface area for attachment of muscles that control the vertebrae

Question 9

What direction does the Spinous Process project?

Answer 9

Posteriorly

Question 10

Function of Spinous Process

Answer 10

Muscle attachment, mobility, and movement

Question 11

What structure aligns the vertebrae?

Answer 11

Zygapophysis

Question 12

Function of zygapophysis

Answer 12

movement restriction; prevents slipping of vertebra anteriorly

Question 13

What is the most important element of the posterior elements of the vertebrae?

Answer 13

Pars Interarticularis

Question 14

What makes up the vertebral foramen?

Answer 14

Vertebral arch + Posterior surface of vertebrae

Question 15

Function of Vertebral Foramen

Answer 15

Passage of Spinal Cord

Question 16

What makes up the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 16

Superior and Inferior vertebral Notches of adjacent vertebrae

Question 17

What is the most distinctive feature of cervical vertebrae?

Answer 17

Transverse Foramen

Question 18

What passes through the Transverse Foramen?

Answer 18

Vertebral arteries (except C7)

Question 19

What influences the flexibility and shock absorption characteristic of vertebrae?

Answer 19

IV Discs

Question 20

What influences the articulation, stability, and mobility of vertebrae?

Answer 20

Facet Joints
Configuration of Facet Joints
Angle/Direction of Facet Joints

Question 21

What are the three atypical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 21

Atlas (C1), Axis (C2), C7

Question 22

Which vertebrae have costal facets?

Answer 22

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 23

What is the function of the costal facets?

Answer 23

Articulation with ribs

Question 24

How do costal facets affect movement?

Answer 24

Enhances stiffness of flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation by 35%
Enhances stiffness of extension by 130%

Question 25

What is the least moveable vertebrae in the spine?

Answer 25

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 26

Which thoracic vertebra is atypical?

Answer 26

T1, similar spinous process like C7

Question 27

Which lumbar vertebrae have mammillary processes?

Answer 27

T9-T12

Question 28

What is the most fractured vertebra?

Answer 28

T12

Question 29

Which vertebrae have both accessory processes and mammillary processes?

Answer 29

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 30

What attaches to the accessory process?

Answer 30

Intertransversarii muscles

Question 31

What attaches to the mammillary process?

Answer 31

Multifidus and Interransversarii muscles

Question 32

What is the largest, moveable vertebra?

Answer 32

L5

Question 33

How do the facets effect movement of the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 33

Directed 90 degrees; facilitates flexion and extension but limits rotation

Question 34

What is the sacral canal?

Answer 34

continuation of vertebral canal; contains bundle of spinal root nerves from the cauda equine (L1 vertebra)

Question 35

What are the sacral foramina?

Answer 35

Exit of posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 36

What is an important obstetrical landmark in the sacrum?

Answer 36

Sacral Promontory

Question 37

The coccyx is a fusion of...

Answer 37

Four rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae

Question 38

Which is the largest and broadest of coccygeal vertebra?

Answer 38

Co1

Question 39

What does the coccygeal cornua articulate with?

Answer 39

Sacral Cornua

Question 40

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

Answer 40

Gluteaus Maximus, Coccygeus muscles, Pubococcygeus Muscles

Question 41

What two regions exhibit Lordosis? Kyphosis?

Answer 41

Lordosis: Cervical, Lumbar Kyphosis: Thoracic Sacral

Question 42

Inside the womb, the primary curvature of the spine is

Answer 42

Kyphosis

Question 43

After birth, what kind of curvature is developed?

Answer 43

Secondary; Cervical Lordosis

Question 44

As a baby, what curvature is developed?

Answer 44

Second secondary; Lumbar Lordosis

Question 45

One's center of gravity is in front of...

Answer 45

S2

Question 46

Cervical Spinal Facets are directed and allow what motion?

Answer 46

Directed 45 degrees; multidirectional and can slide over and under

Question 47

Thoracic Spinal Facets are directed and allow what motion?

Answer 47

Directed 60 degrees; Can flex, rotate and laterally bend | Limited extension; limited by thoracic rib cage in T4-9

Question 48

Lumbar Spinal Facets are directed and allow what motion?

Answer 48

Directed 90 degrees; can allow flexion and extension | Limited rotation and lateral bending

Question 49

The narrowest/smallest segment of the spinal cord:

Answer 49

T4-T9

Question 50

What is the strongest cervical vertebrae?

Answer 50

Axis

Question 51

Which vertebra contains the Vertebra Prominens?

Answer 51

C7

Question 52

The spine has the strongest stress resistance to what kind of stress?

Answer 52

Compression