Spirits Flashcards
(32 cards)
Majority of deaths due to infectious diseases can be prevented with the use of the following cost effective strategy/strategies:
a. antibiotics b. DOTS for TB c. integrated management of childhood illness d. a and b e. AOTA
E
Cultural factors can be ________ in relation to ill health.
a. causal b. contributory c. protective d. causal and protective e. causal, contributory, and protective
E
95% confidence interval
a. prognosis b. risk c. both d. neither
C
The following must be complied with according to Koch’s postulate except
a. organism must be present in all cases of the disease
b. organism causing the disease must be grown and isolated in culture
c. organism can cause other forms of the disease when inoculated to other animals
d. organism must be recovered from animal where it is inoculated
C
According to Mckeron, death rates in England from TB showed progression of decline from starting from 1920 with
a. discovery of streptomycin b. improvement of sanitation and diet c. mislabeling of cases d. improvement in epidemiologic investigation
B
Cervical cancer screening effectiveness
a. case control b. ecological c. multiple time series d. cohort
C
If a slow virus is known to cause chronic degenerative CNS disease, it is easier to accept that another virus causes AIDS. Criteria for causality used for this is:
a. strength of association b. specificity c. analogy
C
II-2 grading strength of evidence:
a. evidence from controlled trials w/o randomization
b. evidence from expert
c. from well designed cohort/ case control
d. from randomized controlled trial
C
A balanced diet and sufficient exercise are examples of:
a. primary prevention
b. secondary prevention
c. tertiary prevention
d. behavioral conduction
A
Administration of the HPV vaccine is what level of prevention?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Immunization
A
In the event of an avian influenza outbreak, chicken stock and other poultry maybe culled. The issues involved are
a. public welfare vs individual choice
b. quality of life vs survival
c. right to treatment vs benevolence
A
Cancer screening methods detect cancers with good prognosis, thus, the outcomes of the screened group appear better
a. lead time bias
b. length time bias
c. compliance bias
B
What type of screening bias is prevented by using mortality rather than survival rate?
a. Lead time
b. length time
c. compliance
A
An intervention screening w/ a high positive predictive value both in field and controlled conditions is considered effective.
a. True
b. False
B
In the absence of bias, ____________ is responsible for the uncertainty of a statistical conclusion.
a. H testing
b. random variation
c. probability
d. statistics
B
In the conduct of hypothesis, finding a significant difference when there is none is referred to as:
a. alpha error
b. measurement error
c. beta error
d. bias
A
In a hypothesis test, saying that there is no significant difference between the cure rates of two treatments where there actually is
a. alpha error b. bias c. random variation d. beta error
D
The quantitative estimate of the probability of difference in treatment effects of drugs A and B (say p1=80% and p2=90%) in a particular study could have happened by chance alone, assuming that there is in fact no difference between the treatment groups
a. statistics b. level of significance c. p value d. measurement error
C
If the study is unbiased, there is 95% chance that an interval would include the true effect size, say the population proportion difference (in terms of cure rate, true difference in cure rates of two regimens) between regimen A and regimen B. The interval pertains to
a. interquantile range b. confidence interval c. range d. descriptive statistics
B
The statistical test is performed to determine whether or not the difference between two means (say difference in mean gain in weighs between two groups) is statistically significant
a. chi-square test b. correlation analysis c. mean difference d. t-test
D
Lessons learned from the Nazi War crimes:
a. the principle that people have autonomy and capable of making their own decisions b. the principle that prisoners are a vulnerable population c. both of the above d. neither of the above
B
Because of Tuskegee Syphilis study, the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services requested the preparation of the Belmont Report.
a. True b. False
A
In a research, involving humans with minimum risk, researchers could decide that informed consent is not necessary.
a. True b. False
B
In minors who are able to make decisions, besides informed consent, assent must also be asked.
a. True b. False
A
