Spirochetes

Question 1

spirochetes came from the word “spiro” and “chaete” which means

Answer 1

coiled and hair

Question 2

slender, spiral-shaped bacteria containing one or more complete rotations that form a helix

Answer 2

spirochetes

Question 3

this structures of spirochetes enables them to have a corkscrew motility; and which part of the organism is it located

Answer 3

periplasmic fibrils or axial filaments; located at the center of the organism

Question 4

because spirochetes are small and thin, they cannot be seen in —

Answer 4

gram stain

Question 5

genuses of spirochaetales that are associated with human diseases

Answer 5

treponema
borrelia
leptospira

Question 6

this causes YAWS

Answer 6

Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue

Question 7

YAWS is also called as

Answer 7

frambesia tropica
pian
parangi
paru
buba
bouba

Question 8

this is the most prevalent nonvenereal trepanematoses

Answer 8

T pallidium subsp. Pertenue (Yaws)

Question 9

how do T palladium sibsp. Pertuene infect humans

Answer 9

wound infection, breaks in the skin, skin contact, and something to do with hygiene

Question 10

this is a nonvenereal chronic infection that causes BEJEL

Answer 10

T pallidum subsp. endemicum

Question 11

this is transmitted via direct contact with active lesions, contaminated fingers, and eating or drinking utensils; also have something to do with hygiene and cleanliness

Answer 11

T pallidum subsp. endemicum

Question 12

diseases caused by T. carteum

Answer 12

pinta
carate
mal de pinto
azul

Question 13

this is a non venereal that can be transmitted via skin or mucuos membrane contact and associated with hypopigmented skin lesions

Answer 13

T. carteum

Question 14

causes syphillis

Answer 14

T pallidum subsp. pallidum

Question 15

derived from a fictional character “syphillus” from a poem by Girolamo Fracastoro entitled Girolamo Fracastoro; believed to be brought to Europe by a famous explorer

Answer 15

T pallidum subsp. pallidum

Question 16

how can syphillis be transmitted

Answer 16

direct contact with active lesions
sexual contact
vertical transmission (2nd most common)
by transfusion of fresh blood from contaminated person
accidental needle stick
in the laboratory

Question 17

this is frequently screened in blood bank

Answer 17

T pallidum subsp. pallidum

Question 18

survival rate of syphillis in blood bank storage condition

Answer 18

they do not survive >48 hours

Question 19

three stages of syphillis and its notable characteristica

Answer 19

Primary - chancre (painless, no exudate, ulcerated with raised firm edges and a smooth base)
Secondary - dissemination, signs ans symptoms of systemic illness, associated with “condyloma lata”; appearance of rash on the palms and soles
Tertiary - chronic and fatal, tissue destruction, take years (decades) to develop to tertiary, develop to cardiovascular syphillis, syphillitic gummas, and parenchymatous neurosyphillis

Question 20

chancre (syphillis) is more prominent on males or females?

Answer 20

males

Question 21

true or false: chancre can infect the mouth

Answer 21

true, when oral sex is performed

Question 23

Laboratory diagnosis of trepanomatosis

Answer 23

Hard to culture
Drakfield microscopy (mainstream)
Direct sample of the chancre (lesion)
Fluorescence microscopy especially if tissue fluid that has been dried and fixed to slide

Question 24

What labeled antibodies is specific for T. Pallidum for fluorescence microscopy

Answer 24

Fluorescin isothiocyantae (FITC) labeled antibodies is specific for T pallidum

Question 25

True or false: serological diagnosis can be possible for diagnosis of trepanomatoses

Answer 25

True Example is Rapid Plasma Reagent (RPR) Test- agglutination is positive

Question 26

Relapsing fever epidemic (louse-borne); what is its reservoir; what is the vector

Answer 26

Borrelia recurrentis Humans Body louse (Pediculus humanus)

Question 27

What causes relapsing fever endemic (tick-borne); what is its reservoir; what is the vector

Answer 27

Borrelia spp. Rodents and soft shelled ticks Soft shelled ticks (Ornithodoros spp.)

Question 28

What causes lyme disease; what is its reservoir; what is the vector

Answer 28

Borrelia burgdorferi Rodents, deer, domestic pets, hard-shelled ticks Hard shelled ticks (Ixodes spp.)

Question 29

It is the most common tick borne illness in north america and europe What causes it? What is its reservoir (tick)?

Answer 29

Lyme disease B burgdoferi Ixodes scapularis

Question 30

Earliest stage of lyme disease begins —- following the bite of an infected tick What does it cause?

Answer 30

1 week Erythema migrans (target-like ro bulls eye appearance)

Question 31

It is the collective term for neuroborreliosis and other symptoms

Answer 31

Bannwarth syndrome

Question 32

Humans are the only known reservoir for this

Answer 32

Relapsinf fever caused by B recurrentis

Question 33

What is this, Epidemic louse-borne fever that occurs worldwide because of the distribution of its vector; what is the vector?

Answer 33

Relapsing fever or epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) Vector is Pediculus humanus

Question 34

Endemic tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) transmitted by ticks of the genus ——

Answer 34

Ornithodoros

Question 35

True or false: B recurrentis infection can be transmitted from person to person

Answer 35

True because humans are the only known reservoir

Question 36

In what stain is Borrelia seen under LM in blood smear

Answer 36

Giemsa stain It can also be seen in phase contrast microscopy

Question 37

In what stain is Borrelia seen under LM in blood smear

Answer 37

Giemsa stain It can also be seen in phase contrast microscopy

Question 38

This is an obligate aerobe that can be seen in silver stain

Answer 38

Leptospira interrogans serotype

Question 39

What characteristic of L interrogans that differentiates it from other spirochetes

Answer 39

Hooked ends, thus the name interrogans

Question 40

Enumerate Leptospirosis clinical syndromes

Answer 40

Mild virs like syndrome Anicteric leptospirosis Icteric leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)

Question 41

What is sytemic with aseptic meningitis (anicteric or icteric)

Answer 41

Anicteric leptospirosis

Question 42

This is an overwhelmng disease (Weil’s disease) that causes vascular collapse, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, and hepatic and renal dysfunction

Answer 42

Icteric leptospirosis (icteric refers to jaundice and liver involvement)

Question 43

If you swim on infected waters then develop jaundice after several days, what could be the cause

Answer 43

Icteric leptospirosis

Question 44

What is the ideal specimen for leptospirosis

Answer 44

Urine

Question 45

This is mainly a zoonotic disease caused by wild and domesticated animals (rodents, rats, dogs, farm animals)

Answer 45

Leptospirosis

Question 46

Mode of transmission of leptospirosis and where can you get it

Answer 46

Breaks in skin or intact mucous membrane From indirect contact (soil, water, feed) with infected urine from an animal with leptospira

Question 47

This is an occupational disease of animal handling

Answer 47

Leptospirosis

Question 48

The only culturable spirochete

Answer 48

Leptospirosis, but immunoassays is commonly used