Sport and society Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 phases in British society from pre 1780-1900?
A
Pre industrial society (pre 1780)
Industrialisation (1780-1900)
Post industrial (1790-1900)
2
Q
Define industrialisation
A
The process in the 18th and 19th century when Britain moved from being a predominantly agricultural country to one where the economy was dominated by manufacturing.
3
Q
What was the feudal system in pre-industrial Britain?
A
Classes were split in two - lower and upper
4
Q
During pre-industrial Britain when did recreations take place?
A
Occasionally, mostly on religious holidays and festivals
5
Q
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
A
- Being occasional due to little free time
- Having only a few simple unwritten rules
- The activity being participation-based rather than spectator-based
- Physical force rather than skill
- Many injuries/violent
- Lower-class involvement
- Local rather than regional or national events as they had limited transport/communications
- Limited structure, equipment and facilities
6
Q
What are the characteristics of mob football?
A
- Violent
- Male dominated
- Damage to property
- Mass participation
- Alcohol consumption/gambling
- Played occasionally due to long working hours
- Lower class were illiterate, therefore no rules of regulations
7
Q
What are the characteristics of real tennis?
A
- Upper class males
- Complex rules
- Indoor courts with specialised equipment
- High moral code
- Regular basis as the upper class had plenty of leisure time
- Skilful which showed the upper class to show their superiority over the lower class
(Does not reflect true popular recreation)
8
Q
How did society change during the first half of the industrial revolution (1800-1850)?
A
- Poor health
- Lack of income
- Lack of (leisure) time
- A lack of public provision (facilities)
- Overcrowding (lack of space)
- Loss of rights
9
Q
How did poor health have a negative effect on sport?
A
Poor working and living conditions that led to pollution – little energy left for sport.
10
Q
How did lack of income have a negative effect on sport?
A
Low wages and poverty were evident.
11
Q
How did lack of time have a negative effect on sport?
A
The shift from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’ work time lead to long 12 hour days, 6 days a week, and Sunday was a religious ‘Day of rest’.
12
Q
How did lack of public provision have a negative effect on sport?
A
No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for lower classes.
13
Q
How did overcrowding have a negative effect on sport?
A
Looking for work in the new factories, led to a loss of space to play traditional mob games, it was overcrowded.
14
Q
How did loss of rights have a negative effect on sport?
A
Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.
15
Q
How did society change in the second half of the industrial revolution (1850-1900)?
A
- Health and hygiene improved
- Increase in wages and leisure time
- Development of the new middle class
- The influence of public school boys
- The value of athleticism spread to the lower class
- Industrial patronage
- Improvements in transport and communications
- Cheaper to travel
16
Q
How did health and hygiene improving have a positive effect on sport?
A
Living conditions improved and the local council mace public baths to improve cleanliness and help stop the spread of disease.
17
Q
How did increase in wages and leisure time have a positive effect on sport?
A
The Factory acts (10 hours max a day)and Saturday half days meant more time for leisure activities.
18
Q
How did the development of the middle class have a positive effect on sport?
A
Self-made men who took advantage of the business opportunities available in the newly industrialised Britain. This changed ways of behaving and playing sport. It became more acceptable, respectable and was played to a high moral code; it developed strict rules, leagues and competitions etc.
19
Q
How did the influence of ex-public school boys have a positive effect on sport?
A
Via industry and the church etc.
20
Q
How did the value of athleticism spread to the lower class have a positive effect on sport?
A
(i.e. physical endeavour with moral integrity – always trying hard and working to the best of your ability).
21
Q
How did the industrial patronage have a positive effect on sport?
A
Kind factory owners becoming ‘patrons of sport’. Factory teams were also set up, sporting facilities were provided etc.
22
Q
How did improvements in transport and communications have a positive effect on sport?
A
Via the development of roads and steam trains – this allowed players and spectators to travel to play/watch matches. Fixtures and results were also published in newspapers.
23
Q
How did travelling becoming cheaper have a positive effect on sport?
A
Spectating sport became more accessible.
24
Q
What were the developments that led to sport becoming rationalised?
A
- Urbanisation
- The transport revolution
- Improved communications
- The influence of the church
- The emergence of the middle class
- The British Empire
- Public Provision
- The development of NGBs
25
How did urbanisation lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Large numbers of people moving from rural to urban areas seeking regular work resulted in:
- Lack of space
- Large working-class populations
- Loss of traditional sports
- Change in working conditions
26
How did the transport revolution lead to sport becoming rationalised?
The development of steam trains and railways increased:
- Movement of teams and spectators
- Improved access to different parts of the country (local – regional fixtures)
- Cheaper train travel
27
How did improved communications lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Education was given to the working class in the second half of the 1800s, which led to:
- Society becoming literate
- Printed media increased the knowledge of sport (printed fixtures and results)
- Emergence of sporting heroes and role models as people could reads the match reports.
28
How did the influence of the church lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Changing views of the Church also helped to promote sport and recreation among local communities:
- Encouraged social control (improved behaviour – diverting people to sport rather than alcohol and gambling)
- Church facilities provided halls to play in
- Promoting Christian values (healthy mind/body)
- Good way to improve Church attendance
- The Church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions
29
How did the emergence of the middle class lead to sport becoming rationalised?
The middle class supported developments such as:
Codification – strict rules, public school boys, NGBs etc
Competitions – development of leagues
Public provision
Increased leisure time – middle class factory owners gradually gave workers more leisure time.
Move to ‘professionalism’ – acting as agents, promoters in athletics, setting up factory teams and paying broken time payments.
30
How did the British Empire lead to sport becoming rationalised?
English public schools played an important role in the export of the ‘games ethic’ around the globe. They spread the word of ‘sport’ around the globe, as when they left school or university, they became:
- Teachers
- Industrial / factory owners
- Clergy (in the Church)
- Officers in the British Army
- Diplomats
- They formed NGBs which codified sports and established leagues.
31
How did public provision lead to sport becoming rationalised?
- Public wash baths were built to ensure people kept clean, therefore reducing chance of spreading disease.
- Plunge baths were developed for swimming / recreational use.
- Improved the status of the town.
- Local authorities applied for grants to provide public washing rooms.
- Healthier workers meant improved productivity of the workforce
32
How did the development of National Governing Bodies lead to sport becoming rationalised?
During the mid to late 1800s, lots of NGBs began to develop in England (e.g. FA – 1863) for the following reasons:
- Sport became increasingly popular
- More teams and clubs were forming
- Leagues and competitions were required
- Nationally agreed rules were required so competitions could take place nationally
- Maintenance of the ‘amateur ideal’
33
What are the 6 Rs in rational recreation?
- Rules
- Roles
- Referees
- Regional
- Regular
- Respectable
34
What led to the formation of NGBs?
- Maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle class
- More leagues required
- More fixtures required
- Single set of rules required to play fairly
- Maintain 'amateur ideal'
- Rules/codification required
- Threats of professionalism/commercialism
- Different public schools played different versions (problems when boys moved on)
- Sport becoming increasingly more popular
- More clubs forming
35
What are the characteristics of rational recreation?
- Respectability
- Regionally, Nationally, regularly played
- Stringent admin and codification (Rules)
- Referees / officials
- Purpose built facilities
- Skills / tactics based
- Gambling controlled
- Impact of religion
- Amateur/professionalism
36
When NGBs were first formed what were the characteristics of amateurs?
- Were the ‘gentlemen amateurs’
- Upper class
- Lots of free time & money
- Morally upstanding
- Played sported for love of it
- How you played more important than winning
- Top performers
- Controllers of sport.
37
When NGBs were first formed what were the characteristics of professionals?
- Paid to train
- Time off work (Broken time payments)
- Working class people
- Sports such as boxing & Rugby
38
What are the characteristics of amateurs now?
- Play for the love of sport
- Have to work to live
- Train in own time
- Amateur level competition
- Lower status.
39
What are the characteristics of professionals now?
Paid to train
- Paid to play
- Full time job
- Highly competitive leagues and competitions
- Celebrity status, more media coverage
- High status
- Positive role models
- Anyone can become a professional (open to all classes)
40
How did amateurs have a positive impact on 19th century sport?
- Elite sport was run by and dominated by upper and middle classes.
- Code of Amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules.
- Adhered to Code of Ethics (fair play etc)
- Participation in sport was seen more important than winning.
- The all-rounder was viewed with high regard in society.
- Amateurs were the ‘elite performers’ of the 19th Century.
41
How did professionals have a positive impact on 19th century sport?
- They were paid to play sport, therefore earning more money to live.
- Paid according to their results, which improved standards.
- They became determined to succeed (for more money).
42
How did amateurs have a positive impact on 20th century sport?
- Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport.
- It is still viewed positively and promoted throughout sport (fair play schemes, shaking hands etc).
43
How did professionals have a positive impact on 20th century sport?
- All classes can compete, as social class is no longer a barrier.
- People are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top.
- Professionals now have more time to train, leading to higher standards of performance.
- Positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve and participate.
- Money is invested into sport which enables events and the sports themselves to operate.
- More spectators attend matches, with easier more affordable travel.
44
Who invented lawn tennis?
The middle class, they inspired to be like the upper classes in society
45
Could women play lawn tennis? Why?
Women were able to participate in the 1880s, helping to overcome and suppress the negative stereotyping.
Lawn tennis, in private gardens, aided the development for women. They had to dress in a modest and reserved way, with their bodies fully covered by high necked, long sleeved dresses.
Lawn tennis was seen as not being too vigorous, therefore women wouldn’t sweat
46
What are the key features of lawn tennis?
- Middle class invention
- Played by the middle class
- Organised by the middle class
- Use of specialist equipment
- Use of standardised rules
- Played by males and females
- Public provision
46
What is shamateurism?
Amateurs taking illegal payments
47
What led to the 'open era' in tennis?
People soon realised they could earn a significant amount of money from their tennis skills. Professional tours and tournaments were established as early as the 1920s.
The rest of tennis remained strictly amateur, with professionals being excluded from participation.
It was not until 1968 that commercial pressures and rumours of amateurs taking illegal payments (shamateurism), led to the abandonment of the distinction between amateur and professionals.
This led to an ‘open era’ where professionals could play against amateurs and earn money.
48
The open era witnessed distinct inequalities in the amount of prize money for men and women, what were the payments for men and women in 1968 at Wimbledon?
Men - £2000
Women - £750
49
When did Wimbledon money become equal for men and women?
2007
50
What is an example of an association that helps provide women with opportunities in tennis?
WTA - Women's tennis Association
51
What does the WTA do?
Provides ground breaking opportunities, through prize money and sponsorship.
Fighting for equalities in prize money in tennis.
Provides positive role models.
52
What are the reasons for the growth and development of Association Football?
- Urbanisation
- More free time / increased leisure time
- More disposable income
- Improved transport
- Increased professionalism
- Social class links
- Increased organisation
53
What happened in 1901 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
£4 a week limit was introduced
54
What happened in 1922 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Wage cap increased to £8 a week
55
What happened in 1947 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Jimmy Guthrie becomes the Players Union Chairman and achieves a maximum wage of £12 per week
56
What happened in 1961 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
PFA chairman Jimmy Hill won the abolition of the maximum wage - Johnny Haynes becoming the first £100 a week footballer
57
What happened in 1994 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Chris Sutton became the first £10,000 a week footballer (Blackburn Rovers)
58
What happened in 1995 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
The 'Bosman Ruling' allowed out of contract players free transfers and therefore the potential to negotiate far higher wages with their new club
59
What happened in 2000 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Roy Keane became the first £50,000 a week footballer (Manchester United)
60
What happened in 2001 regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Sol Campbell became the first £100,000 a week player following his Bosman 'free transfer' from THS to Arsenal
61
What happened in 2010regarding the key stages in footballers' wages?
Carlos Teves earns a reported £280,000 a week
62
What are the factors which have led to increased opportunities for women in football?
- Equal opportunities
- Increased media coverage
- More female role models
- More provision via school PE programmes
- Increased approval/encouragement via the FA
- More clubs are forming
- Increased participation via funding
- More free time
63
What is foot racing?
Consisted of footmen (hired servants) competing as messengers by the upper class gentry for their speed of movement across open land.
Upper class wagered on these races.
They had rural fairs
64
What were the Wenlock games?
In 1850, the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) formed a class called the Olympian Class.
This was set to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements, especially in the lower-class people of Wenlock.
Rules were written.
The games was held in high regard.
65
When was the first Wenlock games held?
1850
66
What sports were at the Wenlock games?
Mixture of football, cricket, running and hurdles.
67
Who was the driving force of the Wenlock games?
Dr William Penny Brookes
68
What was the difference in classes in athletics?
Class divisions were also still evident – upper/middle class amateurs ran for enjoyment, and the working class ran to make money (professionals).
69
What did the exclusion cause in athletics attempt to do?
An ‘exclusion clause’ (excluding working class/manual workers) attempted to separate modern athletics from the old professional/corrupt form.
70
What was the AAC?
Amateur Athletics Club, it brought respectability to athletics, emphasising endeavour, fair play, courage, and no wagering.
71
When was the AAC formed?
1866
72
When was the Amateur Athletics Association formed?
1880
73
What did the AAA do?
They withdrew the exclusion cause
74
Why was athletics not deemed to be acceptable for women to take part in?
It was though unladylike and unable to follow an appropriate dress code
75
When was the women's AAA founded?
1922
76
In what year did females first participate in athletics in the Olympics?
1928 - Amsterdam
77
When was the first women's Olympic marathon?
1984 - LA
78
When was the first women's Olympic triple jump?
1996 - Atlanta
79
When was the first women's Olympic hammer throw?
2000 - Sydney
80
How did the role of women change in society?
- Increase in women's rights/got the vote/more political say
- After WWI their status increased - they did men's jobs
- Less emphasis on domestic role
- Got more education via state schools
- Began to earn more personal money
- More freedom - mobility/clothing/leisure time
81
How did sporting opportunities change for women after their role in society changed?
- Still very restricted compared to middle classes and men
- Accepted firstly by middle class ladies - later working classes
- More schools/provision of PE/clubs/teams became available
- More competitive opportunities
- Sporting organisations established
- Achievements of women athletes/role models
82
What are the factors which have led to increased opportunities for women in football?
- Equal opportunities
- Increased media coverage
- More female role models
- More provision via school PE programmes
- Increased approval/encouragement via the FA
- More clubs are forming
- Increased participation via funding
- More free time
83
Why was the Women's Referee Development Pathway developed?
At the end of the 20th century, a very limited number of female officials were progressing through the football league. It was developed to fix this problem
84
Why was track and field athletics not deemed to be an acceptable activity for women?
It was thought unladylike and unable to follow an appropriate dress code.
85
When was the women's AAA (Amateur Athletic Association) founded?
1922
86
What is the Diamond League?
The Diamond League is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions
87
How has the Diamond League created equal opportunities for women?
It enables both males and females to earn millions as a result of their talents.
88
What three things does the golden triangle contain?
Sport, media and sponsorship
89
Define commercialisation
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport
90
Define sponsorship
When a company pays for their products to be displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods
91
Define merchandising
The practice in which the brand or image from one 'product' is used to sell another, e.g. professional sports teams/performers promote various products
92
What are the characteristics of commercial sport?
- Professional sport
- Sponsorship and business
- Entertainment
- Contracts
- Athletes as commodities
- Wide media coverage
93
What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?
- Receive high incomes/financial security
- Are paid for successful results
- Can be under pressure to perform when injured
- Specialise in a sport - training, dedication and self-sacrifice
- Household names
- Are controlled by the sponsor, suffer from lack of privacy
94
What are the effects of commercialisation on sport?
- Rules and scoring systems have been changed or introduced to speed up the action or prevent spectator boredom
- Breaks in play so sponsors can advertise their products and services
- Competition formats have changed e.g. Twenty 20 cricket
- Sports played by women receive less coverage, which has negatively affected participation and funding
- Increased use of technology through media has led to a more personal experience for the viewer
95
Why do companies invest large amounts of money into sport?
- Increased sales/commercial benefits
- Increased brand awareness
- Creates an association with excellence
- Creates an association with the healthy image of sport
- Sponsorship can decrease the amount of tax paid by the company; tax relief
- Improve company morale/employees feel linked to success in sport
96
What is globalisation in sport seen via?
- The sponsorship of events
- The way players are recruited to play for teams outside of their 'home nation'
- The spreading of different sports to 'new nations'
- Increasing pressure on athletes to perform to their best; lead to deviance
97
What are the positive impacts of social media?
- Followers
- Fan bases
- Promote products
- Engage with audiences quickly
98
What is a negative impact of social media?
- Get into trouble
99
Define society
A group of people involved in interpersonal relationships, subject to same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
100
Define socialisation
A lifelong process by which children and adults learn norms, attitudes, values and actions of your culture from others
101
What are the two forms of socialisation?
Primary and secondary
102
Define primary socialisation
Socialisation during early years of childhood - takes place mainly within family
103
Define secondary socialisation
Socialisation of teenagers/adults - family less involved - process continues through schools/peer groups/media
104
Define social processes
The pattern of growth and change in society over the years.
This involves different forms of social interaction which occur over and over again and are how cultures are created.
105
Define social interactions
When individuals or groups influence the behaviours of each other.
Can be positive or negative
106
Define social issues
A topic that influences society but is opposed some individuals, e.g. drug abuse, gambling, racism and inequality
107
Define social control
Ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behaviour are regulated in societies.
108
Define social change
Alterations to society over time
109
Define social structures
Organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society; class is a common structure in the UK
110
Define stratification
System of rankings within society, e.g. by wealth, power
111
What does the social action theory state?
Theory says that individuals interact within society (interactionist theory).
112
What is the social action theory?
Social action theory considers how sport can impact society
113
What are the steps of the social action theory?
- Society is created by social interaction (interactionalist theory)
- By interacting with others, people create organisations e.g. schools/clubs/campaign groups
- These organisations influence people/shape wider society, eg expecting people to obey the rules of the organisation
- Interactions lead to change in the social processes that exist
- Social institutions are the product of the interaction of the people with and within the institution
- Promotes sports becoming more democratic/preventing the dominance of one group
114
What does the social action theory stress?
Social Action Theory stresses the fact that people can intervene in social processes and change them.
115
What is the interactionist approach?
A study of how individuals behave in society.
Stems from social processes which occur when humans interact (cooperation and conflict)
116
Define equal opportunities
Treating people unfairly in relation to disability/gender/race/status
117
Define discrimination
To give unfair treatment to an individual/group
118
What are the two types of discrimination?
Overt discrimination and covert discrimination
119
What is overt discrimination
Visible/obvious
120
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden/less obvious
121
Define stereotyping
Negative image shared by society channelling individuals/groups away from sport
122
Define prejudice
Unfavourable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason
123
What is sport England's equality and diversity policy?
They believe sporting opportunities should be open to all and we are committed to:
- Developing a culture that enables and values everyone’s full involvement.
- Creating an environment in which everyone has opportunities to play, compete, officiate, coach, volunteer and run community sport.
- Overcoming potential barriers for those wishing to play sport, particularly if they are from groups who are currently under-represented in sport.
124
What are general barriers for participation in sport?
- Lack of time
- Negative social influences (e.g. poor PE experience)
- Lack of motivation
- Lack of skill
- Lack of resources
- Family obligations
125
What is a solution for lack of time being a barrier for participation in sport?
Add physical activity to your daily routine
126
What is a solution for negative social influences being a barrier for participation in sport?
Invite family and friends to exercise with you, join a club
127
What is a solution for lack of motivation being a barrier for participation in sport?
Invite a friend, join an exercise class
128
What is a solution for lack of skill being a barrier for participation in sport?
Select an activity that requires a low level of skill
129
What is a solution for lack of resources being a barrier for participation in sport?
Select an activity that requires few facilities/limited equipment
130
What is a solution for family obligations being a barrier for participation in sport?
Exercise with the children, attend a gym with a creche
131
Define disability
An impairment that adversely affects performance
132
Define integration
Where able and disabled bodies take part in the same activity at the same time (London Marathon)
133
Define segregation
People with disabilities participating separately among themselves (Paralympics)
134
What are common barriers for disabled people in sport?
- Negative self image
- Relatively low-income
- Lack of access into and out of facilities
- Lack of organised programmes
- Low levels of media coverage/few role models
- Lack of specialist coaches/specialist clubs/accessible and adapted equipment
- Myths/stereotypes
135
What are barriers to participation for women?
- Lack of media coverage/role models/female coaches
- Accepted gender role/stereotyping/traditional role/child care/ family commitments
- Inappropriate activity/physiological myths/poor body image
- Sport as a male preserve/keep women out/idea that sport is for men
- Financial limitations
- Less resources/lower funding and prize money/fewer female clubs
- School PE programme (fewer opportunities)
136
What are some solutions for the barriers women face in sport?
- Introduce/enforce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful
- Encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities
- Improve PE provision
- More clubs for women
- Provide education to refute/reject stereotypical myths
137
Define race
The physical characteristics of an individual
138
Define racism
A set of beliefs or ideas based on assumptions that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse
139
Define ethnic groups
People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common
140
What does racism exist on the basis of?
Skin colour, language or cultural observances
141
Define stacking
A term used as an illustration of possible racism in sport.
It is used to highlight the lack of team captains from ethnic minorities based on the stereotypical assumption which averts one race over another.
142
What are some possible causes to why ethnicity can be a barrier to partaking in physical activity?
- Conflict with religious observances (particularly in Muslim women)
- Higher value placed on education
- Fear of racism/stereotypes/discrimination/abuse
- Fewer role models
- Attempts at channeling
- Fear of rejection
143
Define channeling
Channeling occurs when athletes are slotted into sport based on factors like, race and height
144
145
What are some solutions for the possible causes of why ethnicity can be a barrier to partaking in physical activity?
- Train more minority coaches/teachers/leaders
- Educate on effects of stereotyping
- Ensure single-sex provision (e.g. for Muslim women)
- Publicising and severely punishing racist abuse
- Ensure PE programmes are suitable for all
- Campaigns against racism
146
What is the Rooney Rule?
An American rule that requires National Football teams in America to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operations jobs.
The FA are trying to ask clubs to voluntarily opt into a similar scheme in the UK.
147
What are some barriers that lower socio-economic groups face?
- Less able to afford to play sport
- Areas with high levels of unemployment/low socio-economic classes have fewer facilities providing fewer opportunities
- Stereotyping - some sports have an upper class image
- Fewer role models
148
What are some solutions to help low socio-economic groups to participate in sport?
- An initiative to find volunteers to run free classes/coaching sessions
- Local businesses could sponsor local clubs so that they have the opportunity to progress
- Leisure centres could offer discounted rates during the daytime for people who are unemployed or disadvantages to get them doing more sport
149
What are some health benefits of partaking in physical activity?
- Decrease risk of heart disease/stroke
- Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
- Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
- Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
- Strengthening of bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis
- Decreased risk of some cancers
- Improve mental health and stress management
150
What are some fitness benefits of partaking in physical activity?
- Improved posture
- Improved body shape
- Improved cardiovascular fitness
- Improved muscular endurance
- Improved flexibility
- Improved agility/balance/coordination
- Improved speed/power
- Improved reaction time
151
What are some social benefits of partaking in physical activity?
- Raised levels of chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins have a calming effect and help a person to feel happier/better about themselves. When individuals feel better about themselves they are more likely to benefit emotionally and socially well.
- Improved sleep patterns result in participation in regular exercise which can enhance a person’s mood and their relationships.
- The boost in a person’s mood can also help improve skills of concentration, which allow a clearer focus on social relationships.
- As an individual’s social and emotional health improve, confidence/self-esteem is likely to increase, and involvement in sport/exercise classes becomes increasingly likely.
- Sport/physical activity introduces us to new people who share a common interest and helps develop new friendships/relationships
152
What are the sport/physical activity providers that active partners work with?
- Local authorities
- Health organisations
- NGBs
- Sports clubs
- Schools/education providers
153
What are the 4 main nationally funded partners that Sport England works with?
- Activity Alliance (formally English Federation of Disability Sports (EFDS)) – a national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people.
- Sporting Equals – an organisation that exists to actively promote greater involvement by disadvantaged communities and particularly in the black and minority ethnic population.
- Women in Sport – aims to make being active more attractive to women and teenage girls by trying to break down the barriers which exist and are putting women off.
- Street Games – a national charity dedicated to developing sport with disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances.
