sport psychology

Question 1

positive reward

Answer 1

adding pleasant consequence after desired behaviour to increase behaviour

Question 2

an example of positive behaviour

Answer 2

winning a trophy after winning a game

Question 3

negative reward

Answer 3

removing an unpleasant event after desired behaviour to increase behaviour

Question 4

an example of negative reward

Answer 4

coach stop nagging after the player comes to practice on time

Question 5

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 5

pleasant event follows the behaviour

Question 6

what is negative reinforcement ?

Answer 6

removal of unpleasant event follows behaviour

Question 7

what is important when scheduling reinforcement?

Answer 7

the timing and frequency

Question 8

describe the continuous element of scheduling reinforcement?

Answer 8

reinforcement occurs after each response

Question 9

describe the intermittent element of scheduling reinforcement ?

Answer 9

reinforcement occurs after some response

Question 10

pros and cons of continuous reinforcement ?

Answer 10

faster results, quicker extinction of targeted behaviour

Question 11

pros and cons of intermittent reinforcement ?

Answer 11

longer term mention for targeted behaviour, takes longer to condition behaviour

Question 12

what is shaping?

Answer 12

guiding someone to the correct thing , begin with a larger accepted range and this then will reduce over time and become matched to targeted behaviour

Question 13

what is positive punishment ?

Answer 13

addition of an aversive even followed unwanted behaviour

Question 14

an example of positive punishment?

Answer 14

do 10 sit ups for being late to practice

Question 15

what is negative punishment?

Answer 15

removal of a pleasant event following unwanted behaviour

Question 16

an example of negative punishment ?

Answer 16

not being allowed to play on the team because you were late and behaved badly in training/ practice

Question 17

implications for motivation in terms of rewarding ?

Answer 17

rewarding athletes desired behaviour will increase the motivation to perform desired behaviours

Question 18

what are the 2 types of motivation?

Answer 18

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 19

what is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

motivation to comes from within ourselves and to improve the skills for our own sake and satisfaction

Question 20

what is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

motivation created by the surrounding environment which can also include trophies, prices

Question 21

reinforces for implication for motivation?

Answer 21

social - praise and publicity
material - trophies and scholarships
activity - playing games

Question 22

implications to practice (reinforcement, punishment)

Answer 22

different people need different reinforcement

people receive different reinforcer in different situations

Question 23

what should a teacher/coach do to facilitate intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

should create an environment which facilitates motivation for each individual

Question 24

what is motivation ?

Answer 24

the intensity and direction of ones effort

Question 25

the attribution theory ?

Answer 25

assumes people strive to explain, understand and predict future events based on their cognitive perceptions

Question 26

the attribution process

Answer 26

event, outcome, post analysis, attribution/explanation, affective response and future expectation, motivation for subsequent participantion

Question 27

what is self-handicapping?

Answer 27

self-attributional process which , win or lose, protects self-esteem don't really care

Question 28

success =

Answer 28

causes feelings of hopefulness to achieve in future event

Question 29

failure =

Answer 29

results in hopelessness

Question 30

what are signs of self-handicapping?

Answer 30

missing practice, reduced effort, poor behaviour, false/exaggerated handicaps - illness, injury

Question 31

what is the self-system ?

Answer 31

a complex system of self

Question 32

what is self-concept?

Answer 32

the perceptions and beliefs we have about ourselves | "who am i"

Question 33

what are the multidimensional model

Answer 33

physical, emotional, social and academic

Question 34

what is self-esteem ?

Answer 34

individual judgment and evaluation we make regarding ourselves and our own worth

Question 35

what is self-confidence?

Answer 35

the belief an individual has to successfully perform desired behaviour

Question 36

what is self-efficacy ?

Answer 36

the perception or expectation of ones ability to perform a task successfully

Question 37

what are the sources that impact self-efficacy ?

Answer 37

performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion, vicarious experiences (modelling), imaginal experiences, physical state and emotional state

Question 38

explain each sources of self efficacy ?

Answer 38

performance accomplishment - success will further foster success. verbal persuasion from coach/teacher prints you can do it!!!!!1 vicarious experiences (aka modelling), get a model of similar age, ability and stage to perform and this will enhance self-efficacy imaginal experiences - get them to imagine themselves succeeding physical state - emotional state - your mood will influence self-efficacy, positive emotional state enhances self-efficacy

Question 39

what is the order from the broadest to the narrowest os the self-system ?

Answer 39

self-concept, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-efficacy

Question 40

what is social facilitation?

Answer 40

the presence of others can help performance on well-learned or simple tasks and inhibits performance on under learned or complex tasks.

Question 41

why do other affect performance ?

Answer 41

the idea of being evaluated causes an increase in arousal when in the presence of others

Question 42

but all audiences are not the same. why?

Answer 42

interactive audiences - for example throwing bottles onto pitch

Question 43

what are the home (dis)advantages ?

Answer 43

playing in front of a supportive and interactive home crowd can facilitate performance in some cases

Question 44

what characteristics of a crowd can impact performance ?

Answer 44

the size, density and intimacy

Question 45

social facilitation - implications to practice

Answer 45

devote sufficient time to learning eliminate audience and evaluation during learning situations take note of what audience characteristics impact the athletes/students performance

Question 46

what is social - loafing ?

Answer 46

when an individual in a group puts less than 100% effort in due to lack of motivation

Question 47

implication for practice - social - loafing ?

Answer 47

emphasise the importance of the individuals pride and unique contribution determine specific situations in which social loafing occurs conduct individual meetings to discuss social loafingg divide the group into smaller units

Question 48

conclusion

Answer 48

audience can either facilitate or deliberate performance depending on the stage of learning, crowd interaction etc the effect of social facilitation on performance is closely related to arousal and anxiety more people in a group does not lead to improvement in performance