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Gcse PE > Sports Physcology > Flashcards

Sports Physcology Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the definition of sports physicology ?

A

Study of the mind and mental processes that impact performance in sport

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2
Q

What is a skill ?
Give examples

A

A skill is a learned action/ behaviour intended to bring about predetermined results with minimum effort
Tennis serve
A pass

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3
Q

What’s an ability?
Give examples

A

An inherited , stable trait that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill.
Balance
Speed
Flexibility

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4
Q

2 types of abilities…

A

Inherited - passed on from parents genes
Stable traits- do not change over time

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5
Q

The 4 continual lines for classing skills

A

Difficulty (basic-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing(self paced- externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross /fine)

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6
Q

What’s the muscular involvement continuum? Give examples at both ends .

A

Gross skills ————— fine skills
Large muscle groups. | dart
Bigpowerfulmovemnts|
Little precision. |
Swimming front crawl |

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7
Q

Difficulty continuum. Features and examples at both ends

A

Basic skills —————— complex
Little info to process.| opposite
Few decisions |
Low levels of concentration|
Learn quick|
Eg. Running | eg. Tennis serve

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8
Q

What’s the environmental continuum?
Features and examples

A

Open skill—————closed skill
-Effectedbyenvironment | not
(Teammates opposition)
-Performed in unstable | stable
Environment
-requires decision making

Eg. Pass in football

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9
Q

Pacing continuum
Features and examples

A

Self paced skills-externally paced

-start controlled| start controlled
By performer | by external facto
-speed,pace,direction| determin
Controlled by performer |by env
Eg. Bowling in cricket|goaly save

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10
Q

The 2 types of goals that can be set..

A

Performance goals
Outcome goals

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11
Q

What’s a performance goal?
Example

A

Personal standard to be achieved (beating pb)
Personal improvement
Based on previous performances

Eg. 100metre sprinter improving their pb

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12
Q

What does an outcome goal focus on ?
What does it involve comparison against ?
Example

A

Focus on end result
Involve comparison against overs
Eg. Winning a football match

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13
Q

Effective goal setting for a beginner…

A

Performance goals to maintain motivation and confidence

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14
Q

Effective goals for experienced / elite performers …

A

Driven by winning so set outcome goals
Perfomance goals to improve technique

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15
Q

What acronym should a goal follow ? What each part means + examples

A

SMART

Specific - target must be specific to the demands of the sport. Eg:striker basing targets on shooting

Measurable- possible to measure weather targets have been met. Eg: run100m in 11sec

Accepted- target must be accepted by performer and other individuals involved. Eg: meeting with coach to discuss

Realistic- target must be possible to attain. Eg: increase bench press by 5 kg in 5 weeks

Time-bound - target must have end point eg- improve 100metre time by .2 seconds in 5 weeks

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16
Q

Benefits of goal setting …
Examples

A

-Increase motivation effort.
They have an end target to work towards. EG: setting goal of winning the league

-Improve focus
Unsure training is focused and relevant
Eg: goal to do a marathon- do more continuous training

-Improve performance
Develop skills/areas of weakness
Eg: goal keeper improving weak kick

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17
Q

What is information processing?
What does information processing involve

A

How we make decisions
gathering data from the display (senses) and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision

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18
Q

Order of information processing…

A

1.Input
2.decision making
3.output
4.feedback

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19
Q

What’s the input?
Examples

A

-Performer taking info from the display (senses)
- chose which sense is important to them at the time ( uses selective attention )
Eg: sprinter listening for starting gun

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20
Q

What’s decision making ?

A

-An appropriate response is chosen from memory. May have been used before
- anything done in the last 30 seconds is comes from short term memory. Any longer, long term memory

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21
Q

What is the output?
Example

A

The decision chosen is sent to appropriate muscles to carry out the movement
Eg: moving your legs to run

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22
Q

What’s the feedback (intrinsic or extrinsic ) wise

A

-Information received via intrinsic (within yourself) or extrinsic ( from others), feedback regarding the success of lack of it within an action
-the feedback you revive may affect how you complete this skill in the future

Eg: you feel the ball in your hands ( intrinsic), you hear your team clapping because you caught it (extrinsic)

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23
Q

What’s arousal?

A

Arousal is a physical and mental of alertness/readiness, ranging from deep sleep to extreme excitement.

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24
Q

What are the two types of arousal..

A

Physical arousal
Mental arousal

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25
Advantage of physical arousal…
Increased heart rate , increased breathing rate
26
Disadvantage of physical arousal…
Shaking, muscle tremors, nausea
27
Advantages of mental arousal …
Increased focus , determination , aggression
28
Disadvantages of mental arousal..
Anxiety, fear
29
Diagram of upside down U to represent arousal comparing to performance.
30
What skills are best performed at a low level of arousal?
Fine skills that require accuracy/precision are best performed at a low level of arousal. Eg: snooker , archery
31
What skills require high levels of arousal?
Gross skills that require strength/power and large movements are best performed in high levels of arousal Eg: rugby tackle
32
What effect on performance can over arousal have on?
Negative impact
33
3 Methods to control arousal … What they are Examples
-deep breathing, taking slow deep breaths to calm breathing down. This increases oxygen supply to the brain and focuses kind Mental rehearsal / imagery / visualisation - athlete visualises a successful performance for the mind before completing a skill. Imagery is when you visualise a calm place. Positives self talk - performed making positive statements in their head to increase confidence Eg - “I will win this race “
34
What is aggression? What are the 2 types of aggression?
-Aggression is behaviour with deliberate intention to harm or injure another person. -direct -indirect
35
What is direct aggression?
Aggression that involves actuall physical contact with an opponent. Eg: a tackle in rugby
36
What is indirect aggression?
Aggression that does not involve physical contact. Act is taken out on an object. E.g. Bowling a fast delivery in Cricket/rounders; smashing shuttle with power in badminton
37
Example of direct aggression being used to improve performance….
Tackle in Rugby – which stops opponent from scoring a try
38
Example of indirect aggression being used to improve performance ….
Smashing shuttle with power in Badminton – to make it harder to return shot.
39
What are the two main personality characteristics ?
Introvert Extrovert
40
Characteristics of an introvert … What type of sports do they generally play? Examples.. What levels or arousal do they generally prefer ?
They tend to be quiet and shy Introverts tend to play sports that require concentration and involve fine skills (high levels of precision/accuracy). Eg: snooker, archery They tend to prefer low levels of arousal
41
Characteristics of an extrovert … What type of sports do they tend to play…. Examples of them What levels of arousal do they tend to prefer?
-tend to be sociable, talkative and outgoing -tend to play sports that are fast paced and involve gross skills. Example: rugby, netball -They tend to prefer high levels of arousal.
42
What are your 4 types of guidance ?
-visual -verbal -manual -mechanical
43
What’s visual guidance ? Who’s visual guidance useful for and why? Example?
-Guidance that you can see/ watching someone. Useful for beginners so they form a mental image of the skill and know what they have to do. Coach demonstrating a chest pass in football.
44
What’s mental image?
Visualising a skill in the mind
45
What’s mechanical guidance ? What feel does it help beginners get? Example….
-Using mechanical equipment to support leaner -helps beginners get a kinaesthetic feel for the skill. - eg using a harness on a trampoline
46
What’s manual guidance ? Why’s it helpful for begginers?
-Physically moving the leaner through the correct movement -helpful for beginners as it increases confidence and safety
47
Advantages of manual and mechanical guidance ?
-allows learner to experience how a skill should feel and develop a kinaesthetic feel for it -increases safety when performing a dangerous skill
48
Disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance ….
-lead to a false sense of kinaesthesias as you don’t get a true feel for the sport . -performer may become dependant on the support. -expensive equipment
49
Advantage of visual guidance ?
-Good for beginners to give them a mental image of the skill.
50
Disadvantage of visual guidance ?
-demos must be accurate -performers must pay attention
51
What’s verbal guidance ? How is it used with beginners? How is it used with experts?
-guidance provided by someone speaking to you. -begginers , to give key points and focus attention on demo Experts- discuss tactics
52
Verbal guidance advantages ?
-Helps ensure selective attention -good for experienced performers
53
Verbal guidance disadvantages ?
-Must be clear and concise -can be boring/time consuming
54
6 types of feedback …
-Intrinsic (within yourself ) -extrinsic ( external ) - positive -negative -Knowledge of performance (understanding of how you played, not based on outcome) (begginers) -Knowledge of Results (experts )
55
What’s motivation?
The drive to succeed or desire to achieve something
56
2 categories of motivation
Intrinsic Extrinsic
57
What’s intrinsic motivation? What is the performer driven to achieve something by?
-Drive that comes from within the performer themselves. -by the feeling it brings them
58
What’s extrinsic motivation? 2 categories of extrinsic rewards … (examples )
-Drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve an external reward. -tangible (trophies, medals) -intangible (praise or feedback from others, applause from crowd)
59
Advantage of intrinsic motivation… Disadvantage of intrinsic motivation
-Lead to continued effort and motivation -begginers will need to attain a high enough standard before this happens
60
Positive of extrinsic motivation… 2 Disadvantages of extrinsic motivation
-Result in feelings of pride / self satisfaction -undermine the strength of intrinsic motivation. -performed may not participate if there’s no extrinsic rewards
61
Benefits of feedback …
-improves performance -increases confidence -increases motivation
62
Effective feedback… why for each one of the 3
-limited amount of info given (prevent information overload) -immediacy (so performer can reflect) -related to the individual (increases motivation and accountability
63
What’s positive feedback ?eg..
-Info about what was correct / successful about the performance Eg:coach saying good hand position when playing a shot in tennis
64
Advantages of positive feedback…
-improves motivation -increases confidence / self esteem
65
Disadvantages of positive feedback
-make the performer think they’re better than they are -if given after a poor performance, performer won’t correct errors
66
What’s negative feedback Eg
Information given about what was incorrect or bad about the performance Eg: coach saying your shooting technique was incorrect
67
2Advantages of negative feedback … 2Disadvantages of negative feedback …
Adv -motivate performers to want to improve tells athlete what they need to improve and helps them promise it Disadv -demotivate performers -must be accurate
68
2Advantages of intrinsic feedback 1Disadvantage of intrinsic feedback
Adv -immediate feedback -don’t rely on coach Disadv -beginners need extrinsic feedback more
69
Advantages of extrinsic feedback … Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback…
Adv -give info on how to improve technique -beginners are clueless so extrinsic will help Disadv -people may not have access to it -performers become dependent on it
70
What’s knowledge of results (KR) Eg..
Info given after a performance abt end result or outcome Eg: the shot went in
71
What’s knowledge of performance (KP) Eg:
Info given about quality of performance/technique Eg: good head position when shooting
72
2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results 1Disadvantage
Adv -increase motivation after positive performance -help improve kinaesthesis Disadvantages -May demotivate athlete after negative performance
73
2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results 1Disadvantage
Adv -increase motivation after positive performance -help improve kinaesthesis Disadvantages -May demotivate athlete after negative performance

Gcse PE (6 decks)

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