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Sports Psychology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of a skill

A

a learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy

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2
Q

Definition of ability

A

inherited from your parents, abilities are stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire skills

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3
Q

Example of a skill?

A

rugby player passing ball
free throw in basketball

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4
Q

Example of ability?

A

gymnast on beam showing balance

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5
Q

What is a basic skill?

A

requires few decisions when being performed
little information to process
used in many sports

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6
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

requires decision making using lots of information
generally sport specific

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7
Q

What is an open skill?

A

occur in variable and unpredictable environments. Affected by the environment
externally paced
decision making

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8
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

occur in fixed and predictable situations. Not affected by the environment
self-paced

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9
Q

What is a self-paced skill?

A

performer controls the start and speed of a skill
no external factors
usually closed skills

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10
Q

What is an externally-paced skill?

A

performer has no control over the start or speed of the skill
reacting to external factors
usually open skills

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11
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

uses large muscle groups
not very precise

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12
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

uses smaller muscle groups
high levels of hand eye coordination
small, precise movements

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13
Q

Example of a self-paced skill

A

long jump, choose when to start jump

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14
Q

Example of externally-paced skill

A

receiving badminton serve, only start returning shot after opponent has performed serve

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15
Q

Example of a gross skill

A

sprinting

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16
Q

Example of a fine skill

A

archery

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17
Q

What is an outcome goal?

A

A target that is focussed on winning or social comparison against others

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18
Q

What is a performance goal?

A

A target that is focussed on improving individual performance or technique

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19
Q

Example of a performance goal?

A

long distance runner: improve pb by 5 seconds at next event

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20
Q

Example of an outcome goal?

A

Football player: finish season as league champions

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21
Q

What does SMART stand for?

A

Specific - to activity and relevant
Measurable - to track progress
Accepted - decided on by all participants
Realistic - work and hobbies affect ability to meet targets
Time-bound - end point as deadline, time scale to stay focused

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22
Q

Define arousal

A

A physical or mental state of alertness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement

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23
Q

What does it mean if arousal is too low?

A

not likely to be driven or motivated enough to perform at optimum level

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24
Q

What does it mean if arousal is too high?

A

likely to get nervous, anxious or over aggressive
performance quality decreases

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25
How does a higher arousal affect a performer physically?
increase heart rate increase sweat
26
What factors increase arousal?
atmosphere pressure to score number of supporters mistakes
27
How do gross and fine skills affect arousal?
gross skills: optimum arousal would be higher fine skills: optimum arousal would be lower
28
Explain the inverted U theory
As arousal increases, so does performance Up to optimal arousal If arousal increases further, performance will decrease
29
What are the stress management techniques?
Positive self talk Mental rehearsal Deep breathing
30
What is positive self talk?
Cognitive method: Giving yourself positive instructions in order to remain focussed on the task
31
What is mental rehearsal?
Cognitive method: visualise performing the activity or skill successfully to boost confidence
32
What is deep breathing?
Physical method: Taking slow, deep breaths in order to slow down heart rate and reduce anxiety.
33
What is aggession?
deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental and is used to intimidate opponents
34
What is direct aggression?
involves physical contact with others e.g. a punch
35
What is indirect aggression?
Does not involve physical contact. Aggression taken out on object e.g. bowling bouncer in cricket to intimidate batsman
36
Definition of an introvert
A quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual sports performance
37
Definition of an extrovert
Sociable. active, talkative, outgoing personality type usually associated with team sports players
38
Introverts prefer sports which involve:
Concentration and precision self-motivation intricate skills/ closed skills perform better with low arousal levels e.g. archery, golf and snooker
39
Extroverts prefer sports which are:
Exciting and fast paced Team sports Perform better with high arousal levels large, simple motor skills/ open skills low concentration e.g. rugby and boxing
40
Define motivation
gives reasons for people's actions, desires and needs. Greatly affects performance
41
Define intrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within, resulting in pride, self satisfaction Can lead to continued effort and participation Generally considered more effective than extrinsic motivation
42
Define extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from an outside source such as a coach Extrinsic rewards result in feelings of pride Performers may become reliant on extrinsic motivation if overused
43
Define tangible
something that can be touched
44
Define intangible
not having physical presence/ can't be touched
45
Intrinsic motivation: a performer is driven to achieve something for...
the feeling it brings them
46
Extrinsic motivation: Performer is driven to achieve...
an award tangible - certificates, trophies, medals intangible - praise or feedback from others, applause from crowd
47
Define SUPER
Stronger - intrinsic motivation Undermine - overuse of extrinsic can undermine intrinsic values Persist - more likely to persist if intrinsically motivated Effort - more likely to be sustained if intrinsic Reliance - Performers become too reliant on extrinsic motivation
48
How can intrinsic and extrinsic motivation be used together?
Trophy (extrinsic) pride and self satisfaction from winning (intrinsic)
49
What is information processing?
using available information in order to make a decision
50
Define input
information from display
51
Define selective attention
filtering out irrelevant information from the display
52
Define decision making
using short and long term memory to make a decision
53
Define output
information sent to muscles to carry out response
54
Define feedback
understanding what went right/ wrong during output stage
55
Define short term memory
lasts for about 18 seconds. A performer can use this to help with decision making e.g. remembering position of teammate
56
Define long term memory
Can be used to recall a similar situation in past to come up with correct response in order to perform a skill e.g. cricket batsman see ball bouncing in certain position and pick out relevant shot to play from long term memory
57
Define intrinsic feedback
comes from within a performer
58
Define extrinsic feedback
comes from external source such as coach or teacher
59
Define positive feedback
encouragement and praise
60
Define negative feedback
error correction and highlighting what went wrong
61
Define knowledge of results
feedback received by looking at outcome of skill
62
Define knowledge of performance
feedback received by looking at technique/performance irrespective of result
63
What types of feedback are useful to a beginner
extrinsic, positive, knowledge of results
64
Define visual guidance
guidance through visual demonstration or video (beginners)
65
Define verbal guidance
guidance through a verbal explanation (elite performers)
66
Define manual guidance
Guidance through actual contact with performer
67
Define mechanical guidnace
Guidance through the use of a device e.g. harness (beginners)
68
Pros of verbal guidance
effective when used in conjunction with other forms Good for advanced performer Can be provided during performance and ideal for open skills
69
Cons of verbal guidance
Explanations must be clear and concise not to confuse learner must limit amount of information complex skills difficult to explain
70
Pros of visual guidance
helps learner visualise skill can be used in all stage of learning skills can be broken down into parts
71
Cons of visual guidance
must be accurate/ technically correct complex skills can be hard for leaner to comprehend static visual aids may not provide enough guidance/ information
72
Pros of manual guidance
used with leaners of all abilities helps leaner gain kinaesthetic sense of movement helps build confidence
73
Cons of manual guidance
learner can become too dependant on it difficult when working with large groups
74
Pros of mechanical guidance
effective in early stages helps leaner gain kinaesthetic sense of movement helps build confidence
75
Cons of mechanical guidance
Can become dependant on it movement experienced with guidance may be different from actual movement

PE (6 decks)

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