Sports Psychology and Socio-Cultural Influences

Question 1

Open Skills

Answer 1

• Situation is always changing.
• Player has to continuously adapt to the ever changing situation.
• Sports such as football.

Question 2

Closed Skills

Answer 2

• Takes place in a stable, predictable environment where the player knows exactly what to do and when.
• Skills aren’t affected by the environment.
• Movements have set patterns and have a clear beginning and end.

Question 3

Basic Skill

Answer 3

• Player finds it easy to do and needs little concentration to do.

Question 4

Complex Skill

Answer 4

• Player uses dull concentration as it is technically difficult to perform.
• These skills need to be repeated over and over so they can become easier when playing in a match or competition.

Question 5

Low Organisation Skill

Answer 5

• Clear simple, phases/parts.
• Set shot in basketball.
• Usually break it down into separate parts to improve your technique.

Question 6

High Organisation Skill

Answer 6

• Complicated phases/parts.
• Can’t break this down separately as they’re closely linked together.
• To complete, you need good attention to detail, co-ordination and timing and quick thinking.

Question 7

Massed Practice

Answer 7

• Skill is practised until it is learned without being a break.
• For athletes who are fit and experienced.

Question 8

Distributed Practice

Answer 8

• Skill is practised over several sessions or with rest breaks.
• For players with low ability, experience or fitness level.

Question 9

Fixed Practice

Answer 9

• Skill is practised over snd over again until its perfected.
• Closed skills are normally practised in this way so that the movement sequence can be perfected.

Question 10

Variable Practice

Answer 10

• Practising the skill in a variety of different situations so it can be adapted to different competitive situations.
• Essential for open skills.
• In football, game varies, different weather circumstances, opposition.

Question 11

Intrinsic Feedback

Answer 11

• Comes from yourself.

Question 12

Extrinsic Feedback.

Answer 12

• Comes from someone else.

Question 13

Visual Guidance

Answer 13

• Coach can demonstrate how to do a drill.
• Could show a video to show them how to do something.
• Could give them a target to go and hit to help them get to the target.

Question 14

Verbal Guidance

Answer 14

• Beginners will struggle especially if its a complex skill.
• Sometimes used before visual demonstration.
• Used at the same time as a visual demonstration to guide it.

Question 15

Manual and Mechanical Guidance

Answer 15

• Coach is in contact with the learner as they perform the skill.
• Helps them to get the feel of the movement before they perform it on their own.

Question 16

Concurrent Feedback

Answer 16

• Given at the same times as performance.

Question 17

Terminal Feeback

Answer 17

• Given at the end of the game or performance so it is reflective.

Question 18

Qualitative Data

Answer 18

Information about qualities, which is difficult to measure.

Question 19

Quantitative Data

Answer 19

Information quantities, which can be measured.

Question 20

Psychological Warm-Up Effects

Answer 20

• Helps and athlete get into a positive mindset.
• Helps an athlete focus.
• Helps an athlete relax.

Question 21

Mental Rehearsal

Answer 21

• Essential to control emotional and mental state before competition.
• Essential during and after the competition.
• Useful method to help individuals manage their feelings.

Question 22

Benefits of Mental Rehearsal.

Answer 22

• Helps to control emotion/feelings/arousal.
• Assists in making the correct decisions.
• Reduces stress levels and maintains focus.
• Make more logical/calmer decisions.
• Cope better with mental issues.
• Helps to correctly use selective attention/

Question 23

Commercialisation

Answer 23

Making something available on the market.

Using something to make a profit.

Question 24

Deviance

Answer 24

Behaviour that falls outside the norms or what is thought to be acceptable; goes against the moral values or laws of the sport.

Question 25

Negative Deviance

Answer 25

Someone trying to gain advantage by breaking the rules without getting caught by the officials.

Question 26

Positive Deviance

Answer 26

Deviance where there is no intention to cause harm or break the rules.

Question 27

Sportsmanship

Answer 27

Qualities of fairness, following the rules, being gracious in defeat or victory.

Question 28

Gamesmanship

Answer 28

Bending the rule/laws of a sport without actually breaking them.

Question 29

Advantages of Commercialisation

Answer 29

More funding, wider audience, active lifestyle, awareness.

Question 30

Disadvantages of Commercialisation

Answer 30

Higher prices, sponsors lead sport and beauty parade.