Spotlight week 1-6

Question 1

treatments for low back pain

Answer 1

ischemic compression (trigger point)

cross-fibre frictions

PNF- contract relax method

active muscle release (hypertonic muscle)

Question 2

myofascial trigger point

Answer 2

spot in a hypertonic band of muscle around muscle belly that’s hyper-irritable; tender; shortened muscle

from trauma; damage sarcoplasmic reticulum bc calcium influx

increase in metabolism and decrease in circulation (ischemia)

Question 3

how does ischemic compression/ trigger point therapy work

Answer 3

FLUSHING effect of metabolites on local ischemia

helps with hypertonicity

Question 4

ischemic compression/ trigger point methods

Answer 4

1. static compression (hold for 30-120 secs)
2. intermittent method (hold for 10 seconds, wait 10 secs) and do for 3xc

Question 5

cross-fibre friction

Answer 5

help breakdown adhesions in muscles in subacute or chronic (NOT acute)

increase ROM

releases histamine and bradykinin causing local vasodilation and blood flow to area

go in opposite direction of fibre

Question 6

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) (contract relax technique)

Answer 6

stretching technique; active inhibition

stretch then contract and move to deeper stretch 3x

Question 7

active muscle release

Answer 7

release adhesions via ROM

in chronic stage

find hypertonicity area and apply tension then stretch area

Question 8

what herbs for URTI?

Answer 8

antivirals/antimicrobials, immune stimulants, expectorants, demulcents, adaptogens, anti inflame

want direct effects of kill bug

and indirect to prevent viral entry to cell

many herbs have organ specificity

Question 9

3 herbs for URTI

Answer 9

Baptisia tinctoria (wild indigo)

Echinacea angustifolia/ purpurea

Zingiber officinalis (ginger)

Question 10

what family is echinacea and Calendula officinalis and Matricaria recutita (chamomile) part of and allergy you need to be aware of

Answer 10

astaracea family allergy

Question 11

4 herbs for dermatitis

Answer 11

1. calendula officinalis
2. centella asiatica (gotu kola)
3. matricaria recuzita (chamomile)
4. plantar spp (plantain)

Question 12

what herbs are anti inflammatory

Answer 12

• General anti-inflammatory: turmeric
• Anti-inflammatory to lungs/GIT: licorice
• Anti-inflammatory to cardiovascular system: hawthorn
• Anti-inflammatory to MSK: devil’s claw

Question 13

anti inflammatory action?

Answer 13

demulcent or emollinet

inhibit COX and lipooxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammatory prostaglandin and leukotriene and cytokines

Question 14

4 herbs for joint pain and inflammation

Answer 14

Boswellia serrata (frankincense)

Curcuma longa (turmeric)

Harpagophytum procumbens (devils claw)

Salix alba (white willow)

Question 15

how is aspirin made

and who should avoid

Answer 15

by acetylating SALYCILIC ACID –> Salix alba (white willow)

kids with flu bc Reyes syndrome

Question 16

antibiotic resistance

Answer 16

modify molecule, decrease penetration and efflux, change target site, global cell adaptations

i.e. beta lactase enzyme eats penicilin so it cant bind

Question 17

bactericidal vs bacteriostatic

Answer 17

kills sensitive organisms so that number of viable organisms falls rapidly after exposure

inhibits growth of bacteria but does not kill them

Question 18

narrow vs broad vs extended spectrum antimicrobials

Answer 18

Narrow-spectrum – agent is active against a single species or limited group of pathogens

Broad-spectrum – agent is active against a wide range of pathogens

Extended-spectrum – agent falls in between (intermediate)

Question 19

how antibiotics work

Answer 19

beta lactam antibitoics interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis

inhibits bacterial transpeptidase

Question 20

penicillin v

Answer 20

narrow spectrum antibiotic

oral suspension

for group A streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 21

which antibiotic for group A streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer 21

penicillin v

Question 22

amoxicillin

Answer 22

extended spectrum penicilin

greater activity against gram negative bacteria

Question 23

cephalosporins

Answer 23

more resistant to beta lactamases ;; dif generations

Question 24

cefadroxil

Answer 24

1st generation cephalosporin

used if penicilin fails or allergy

Question 25

cephalexin

Answer 25

1st generation cephalosporin used if penicilin fails or allergy

Question 26

protein synthesis inhibitors (antibiotics)

Answer 26

Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of a 30S and 50S subunit Amino acid cant been and do translocation of mRNA

Question 27

macrolides

Answer 27

inhibit peptide transferase which function to link amino acids together in growing peptide chain, also interfere with translocation

Question 28

azithromycin

Answer 28

for penicillin alternative

Question 29

clarithromycin

Answer 29

for penicillin alternative

Question 30

lincosamides

Answer 30

interfere with translocation can cause clostridium difficile infections

Question 31

clindamycin

Answer 31

for penicillin allergy if pharyngitis recurrent

Question 32

group A streptococcal pharyngitis treatment (strept throat)

Answer 32

antibiotics if at risk of developing acute rheumatic fever and have tested + watchful waiting helpful bc minimal impact on natural course of strep

Question 33

Which of the following antibiotics is suitable for use in a patient with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin? A. Amoxicillin B. Cephalexin C. Cefadroxil D. Azithromycin

Answer 33

D. Azithromycin

Question 34

monoamine hypothesis

Answer 34

States that mood disorders result from abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine neurotransmission

Question 35

1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 35

a. Block neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonic; increase time NTs are in synapse

Question 36

name a TCA, SNRI, SSRI

Answer 36

TCA- imipramine SSRI-escitalopram SNRI- venlafaxine

Question 37

serotonin syndrome

Answer 37

when increase serotonin drug altered mental status, neuromuscular abnormalities, and autonomic hyperactivity Mild hypertension and tachycardia, mydriasis, diaphoresis, shivering, tremor, myoclonus, and hyperreflexia Hyperthermia (40°C), hyperactive bowel sounds, horizontal ocular clonus, mild agitation, hypervigilance, and pressured speech eizures, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, coma, and death. Hyperreflexia, rigidity and clonus tends to be more prominent in the lower extremities

Question 38

antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Answer 38

if rapid discontinue or reduce dose -->to avoid slowly taper off meds greatest risk in drugs with shorter half-life (venlafaxine is one of them) Anxiety, crying, headache, increased dreaming, insomnia, irritability, myoclonus, nausea, electric shocks, tremor, flulike symptoms, imbalance, and sensory disturbances -->not life threatening

Question 39

name a benzodiazepine

Answer 39

clonazepam

Question 40

what do benzodiazepines act on

Answer 40

Act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors GABA-A receptors are found in high concentrations in the cortex and limbic system GABA is inhibitory and reduces the excitability of neurons BZ1 and BZ2 allosteric binding sites BZ1 in cortex, thalamus, cerebellum (can cause anterograde amnesia bc lipid soluble) BZ2 in limbic system, motor neurons and dorsal horn of SC (relax muscles)

Question 41

benzodiapene use

Answer 41

second line agent for GAD NOT MDD

Question 42

Which of the following drugs enhances inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission? A. Escitalopram B. Clonazepam C. Venlafaxine D. Imipramine

Answer 42

clonazepam bc its a benzodiazepene

Question 43

A patient complaining of increased dreaming, electric shocks, and flulike symptoms after cutting their pills in half to make them last longer may be experiencing which of the following? A. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome B. Benzodiazepine withdrawal C. Serotonin syndrome D. Typical adverse effects of antidepressant therapy

Answer 43

A. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome