Spring Final Flashcards
(426 cards)
1
Q
List the levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest
A
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
whole organism
2
Q
the study of the structures and functions of the human body
A
human anatomy and physiology
3
Q
small structures within a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
A
organelles
4
Q
the basic unit of structure and function of the human body
A
cell
5
Q
groups of cells similar in structure and function
A
tissues
6
Q
a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that has a specialized function
A
organ
7
Q
the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given point in time
A
metabolism
8
Q
having a stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
9
Q
What is the difference between negative feedback mechanism and positive feedback mechanism
A
10
Q
an internal fluid between cells that contains water nutrietns and oxygen
A
extracellular/intercellular fluid
11
Q
a structure that causes a response which alters conditions in the internal environment
A
effector
12
Q
what are body cavities
A
open spaces in the human body that usually contain organs
13
Q
what are the two main body cavities
A
dorsal and ventral
14
Q
what are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
A
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
15
Q
what is in the cranial cavity
A
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
16
Q
what is in the vertebral cavity
A
spinal cord
17
Q
what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity
A
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
18
Q
what organs are in the thoracic cavity
A
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
19
Q
what organs are in the abdominal cavity
A
adrenal gland
liver
gallbladdar
spleen
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
kidney
appendix
ureters
stomach
20
Q
what organs are in the pelvic cavity
A
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
21
Q
what are the top 11 elements in the human body
A
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
22
Q
what are inorganic substances
A
substances that do not contain both carbon and hydrogten
23
Q
what kinds of substances dissolve in water or react with water to release ions (electrolytes)
A
inorganic
24
Q
what do inorganic substances do when they react with water
A
they release ions (electrolytes)
25
what are the types of inorganic substances in cells
water
oxygen
carbon dioxide
salts
26
what is the most abundant compound in living material
water
27
what is the major component of blood and other body tissues and fluids
water
28
what inorganic substances is transported throughout ht e body by the blood
oxygen
29
what kind of cells transport oxygen throughout the body through the blood
red blood cells - erythrocytes
30
what carries oxygenated blood away from heart
arteries
31
what inorganic substances in used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
32
what inorganic substance is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
33
what is a waste product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
34
what is brought to lungs by veins
carbon dioxide
35
what inorganic substance is abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
36
what provides many necessary ions for the body
salts
37
which ions do salts provide for the body
Ca2+, K+, Na+
38
what is an organic substance
contians both carbon and hydrogen
39
what are the organic substances
carbohydrates
lipids
prteins
nucleic acids
40
what substances are necessary for life
organic substances
41
what is the composition of carbohydrates
C H O
42
what is the composition of lipids
C H O
43
what is the composition of proteins
C H O N
sometimes S
44
what is the composition of nucleic acids
C H O N P
45
what are inorganic substances that contain C H O usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
46
what are inorganic substances usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipids
47
what are nucleic acids
organic substances that are large and complex and function in protein synthesis and they contain your genetic information (DNA and RNA)
48
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates
hexoses (sugar with 6 carbon atoms)
49
what are the building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
50
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids (20)
51
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
52
this organic substance's main function is to serve as an energy source (primary source of ATP)
carbohydrates
53
this organic substance's main function is to provide cell structure (plasma membrane) and its secondary function is the be a source for ATP production
lipid
54
this organic substance's main function is to serve as a structural material of muscles, bones, skin, and can also be an energy source
protein
55
this organic substance's main function is to function is protein synthesis and to contain genetic information
nucleic acids
56
what are examples of carbohydrates
glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose
plant starch
glycogen
57
what are examples of lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
triglycerides
58
what are examples of proteins
keratin
collagen
fibrin
hemoglobin
enzymes
antibodies
59
what are examples of nucleotides
RNA and DNA
60
what are carbohydrates often called
sugars
61
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as _____ also called _____
simple sugars
monosaccharides
62
what are examles of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
63
simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called _____ and _____
disaccharides
polysaccharides
64
how many sugars are disaccharides
double sugars
65
how many sugars are polysaccharides
many sugars linked together
66
what are examples of disaccharides
sucrose and lactose
67
what are examples of polysaccharides
plant starch and glycogen
68
which organic substance is insoluble in water
lipid
69
are all proteins the same
no they have unique conformations (size sequence shape)
70
what gives a protein its function/role
confomration and sequence
71
what do nucleotides contain
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base
72
what is DNA
deoxyribose and double helix
73
what is RNA
ribose and single stranded
74
what are tissues
group of similar cells that have a common function
75
what are the four types of tissue that compose the body
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
76
what is the function of epithelial cells
protection
diffucion
filtration
absorption
secretion
77
what are the cells and matrix of epithelial tissue like
mostly cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix) between cells
78
which tissue contains the most cell junctions
epithelial
79
which tissue's cells have the fastest cell mitotic/replication rate
epithelial tissue
80
is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular
avascular
81
does epithelial tissue have a nerve supply
yes
82
what are the cell shapes like of epithelial tissue
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
83
what are sqamous cells
thin flat cells
84
what are cuboidal cells
cells that are as tall as wide
85
what are columnar cells
cells that are taller than they are wide
86
how can epithelial cells be arranged
in a singular layer or multiple layers
87
single layer of cells is called ____
simple
88
multiple layer of cells is called _____
stratified
89
what are examples of epithelial tissue
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
stratified cuboidal epithelium
90
Epithelial tissue is usually referred to as _____ because it _____
lining tissue
lines the inside and outside of all structures in the body
91
what can the shapes and layering of the epithelial cells tell us
the function
92
what is the function of simple squamous
diffusion
filtration
93
what is the function of simple cuboidal and simple columnar
absorption storage and secretion
94
what are the functions of connective tissue
protection
gives body structure
hemopoiesis
energy storage
mineral storage
body temperature homeostasis
binds organs together
carries oxygen
immune system
blood clotting
95
what are the cells and matrix of connective tissue like
fewer cells (they are spread out) and more matrix between cells
96
which tissue contains the fewest cell junctions
connective because cells are more spread out
97
what is the mitotic rate like for connective tissue
slower mitotic rate than epithelial but the cells do replicate
98
are connective tissues vascular or avascular
some are vascular but some are avascular
99
do connective tissues have a nerve supply
most do but some do not
100
what are some examples of connective tissue
bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
adipose
bone
101
what are the cells of connective tissue shaped like
they vary depending on the specific type of tissue
102
what is the most abundant tissue in the human body
connective
103
what is the function of muscle tissue
to contract to priduce force for motion
104
where are the secondary functions of muscle tissue
thermogenesis (body temperature regulation)
to maintain posture
105
what are the cells and matrix of muscle tissue like
many cells close together with little matrix between cells
106
which tissue has the second most cell junctions
muscle tissue
107
when do muscle cells/fibers replicate
only during the first couple years
108
are muscle tissues vascular
yes they are the most vascular tissue in the body
109
do muscle tissues have a nerve supply
no
110
what are the types of muscle fibers
skeletal
cardiac
smooth (visceral)
111
what are the shapes of the muscle cells like
they are different depending on what type of muscle is it
112
what are the functions of nervous tissue
to create and send nerve impulses througout the body and to support the nerve tissue itself
113
what are the cells and matrix of nervous tissue like
many neurglia cells and fewer neurons with little matrix between
114
what are the cells junctions of nervous cells like
few cell junctions but more than connective
115
what is the mitotic rate of nervous cells like
neurons - slow to no mitotic rate
neurglia - can perform mitosis
116
are nervous tissues vascular or avascular
vascular
117
do nervous tissues have a nerve supply
yes
118
what are the types of cells within nerve tissue
neurons
neuroglia (6)
119
The integumentary system is a ____ that has many structures:
system of organs
skin
hair
nails
sudoriferous and sebaceous glands
blood vessels
nerve endings
hair follicle
arrector pili muscle
120
what is the major portion of the integumentary system
skin
121
explain the layers of the integumentary system
2 layers: epidermis and dermis
3rd layer: hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) is not technically a layer but a layer beneath the skin
122
what kind of tissue does the skin contain
some of all four types but majority epithelial and connective
123
is your skin an organ
yes
124
skin is sometimes referred to as _____
cutaneous membrane
125
what is the body's largest organ
skin
126
what are the functions of the integumentary system
body temp homeostasis
prevents/slows water loss
protection
helps produce vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation
houses sensory receptors (nerves)
secretes waste
immunity - keratinocytes, langerhans cells
127
the study involved with the diagnosing and treatment of skin disorders
dermatology
128
the removal of tissue from the body for examination
biopsy
129
what is melanin
a protein migment that gives the skin hair and eyes their color
130
what is keratin
protein found in hair skin and nails that give strength and waterproofing
131
sudoriferous glands produce _____ to _____ and _____
sweat
regulate body temperature and carry wastes to the surface of skin
132
sebaceous glands are ____ that produce ____. They are absent in ___.
oil glands
Sebum
absent in palms and soles
133
what does sebum do
mositens hair
waterproofs and softens skin
inhibits bacterial growth
134
what kind of tissue is the epidermis composed of
mostly epithelial but contains other tissue as well
135
most cells in the epidermis are ____ and ____
squamous
stratified
136
what are the superficial cells in the epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous spithelial cells
137
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
138
what are the nerve endings in the epidermis sensitive to
pressure/touch
139
why are the cells in the lower layers of the epidermis living
because those cells receive more nutrients from blood diffusing from dermis to lower epidermis
140
what are the functions of the epidermis
prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
keeps out pathogens and allergens
protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics)
produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
touch sensations
141
what protects the epidermis from physical harm
stratified characteristics
142
what protects the epidermis from UV
melanin produced by melanocytes
143
what kind of tissue is the dermid composed of
mostly connective tissue but contains all types of tissue
144
which is the thickest layer of the skin
dermis
145
how thick is the dermis
aprx 2-6mm thick
146
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
147
how is the dermis connected to the epidermis
basement membrane
148
what are the nerve endings in the dermis sensitive to
heat, pain, pressure/touch
149
what is in the dermis
sudoriferous and sebaceous glands
hari follicles
arrector pili muscles
blood vessels
some adipose tissue
150
what is the hypodermis also called
subcutaneous layer
151
what kinds of tissue is the hypodermis composed of
mostly connective tissue (mostly adipose), some nervous tissue and blood vessels
152
is the hypodermis vascular or avascular
vascular
153
what are the nerve endings in the hypodermis sensitive to
cold and pressure
154
what are the functions of the hypodermis
insulation
energy storage
protection
155
what is the skeletal system composed of
bone
bone marrow
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
156
what is bone tissue often called
osseous tissue
157
what are the functions of bone
support and protection for the body and body organs
gives the body a framework
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
energy storage
158
what minerals do bones keep in homeostasis
calcium and phosphorus
159
how does bone aid in blood cell production
hematopoiesis produces blood cells in red bone marrow
160
how does bone aid in energy storage
yellow bone marrow
161
how are bones classified
by their shape
162
what are the classifications of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
wormian (sutural)
163
what are the long bones
femur
humerus
radius
metacarpals
phalanxes
164
what are the short bones
carpals and tarsals
165
what are the flat bones
bones of cranium
scapulae
sternum
hips
ribs
166
what are the irregular bones
vertebrae
facial bones
167
what are the seasamoid bones
patella
168
what are the wormian bones
bones between or within the sutures
169
bone is considered _____ tissue
connective
170
is bone vascular or avascular
vascular
171
what are the cells and matrix of bone like
fewer cells compared to matrix
172
do bones have a nerve supply
yes
173
what gives bones strength
collagen fibers
calcium
phosphorus
174
bone formation
ossification
175
the hardening of bone
calcification (mineralization
176
blood cell formation
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
177
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
178
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
foramen
179
a bone disorder in which bone densite decreases
osteoporosis
180
any break in a bone
fracture
181
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
182
what are the four types of cells found in bone
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
183
what are osteoprogenitor cells
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
can undergo mitosis
184
which bone cell can undergo mitosis
osteoprogenitor cells
185
what are osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
186
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue
187
how do osteocytes maintain bone tissue
exchnages nutrietns with blood
188
what are osteoclasts
break down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
189
growth in _____ of bones stops about the age of 18-25 and growth in ___ may continue throughout your life
Length
Diameter
190
what factors influence growth in bone
nutrition (Cacium and vitamin D)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
191
what is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate
192
growth in diameter of bones is controlled by the _____
periosteum
193
what are the hormes that control growth throughout your life
hGH
estrogen and testosterone
thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
194
bones stores ____ of all calcium in the body
more than 99%
195
what does too much calcium in the blood do
stop the heart
196
what does too little calcium in the heart do
cause breathing to stop
197
what happens when blood calcium is too high
thyroid gland produces calcitonin to stimulate the production of osteoblasts
198
what happens when blood calcium is too low
parathyroid gland produces PTH to stimulate the production of osteoclasts
199
what are calcium's functions in the body
strengthen bones
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
blood clotting
serve as co-enzymes
200
why do we need joints
so our body can move because bones are too rigid to bend without being damaged
201
what is the scientific term for joints
articulations
202
do all joints allow movement
no not sutures
203
what is an articulation
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing movement
204
what are the two classifications of joints
structural and functional
205
how are joints structurally classified
based on anatomical characteristics (what a joint is made of )
- presence or absence of a space bw the articulating bones that is called synovial (joint) cavity
- types of connective tissue that binds the bone together
206
how are joints functionally classified
based on the type of movement they permit
207
what are the four kinds of structural classifications of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
208
what are fibrous joints
no synovial cavity
bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue (Sutures)
209
what are cartilaginous joints
no synovial calvity
bones held together by cartilage
(intervertebral joints)
210
what are synovial joints
synovial cavity present
bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments
(knee, elbow)
211
what are the functional joint classifications
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
212
what are synarthrosis joints
no movement by joints
213
what are amphiarthrosis joints
slightly movable joints
214
what are diarthrosis joints
freely movable joints
215
what is flexion
bending a joint so that the angle between parts decreases
216
what is extension
moving parts of a joint so that the angle between them increases
217
what is dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle that brings foot closer to shin
218
what is plantar flexion
mivement at ankle that moves foot farther from the shin
219
what is hyperextension
hextension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position
220
what is abduction
moving a part away from the midline
221
what is adduction
moving a part toward the mdiline
222
what is rotation
moving a part around a axis
223
what is circumduction
moving a part so that its end floows a circular parth
224
what is pronation
rotation of the forearm so that palm is downward or facing posteriorly
225
what is supination
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
226
what is eversion
turning the foor so the plantar surfaces facer laterally
227
what is inversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
228
what is retraction
moving a part backward
229
what is protraction
moving a part forward
230
what is elevation
raising a part
231
what is depression
lowering a part
232
what are the specific examples of diarthrotic joints
hinge
ball and socket
pivot
saddle
condyloid
233
what are the functions of muscle tissues
to contract to produce force for motion (main function)
thermogenesis
stabilizes body position
regulates organ volume
234
how many skeletral muscles are in the human body
650
235
muscles constitute approximately ____ of your total body weight
40-50%
236
which tissues compose muscle
all four
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
237
is muscle tissue vascular or avascular
it is the most vascular tissue in the body
238
why do muscles need ATP
contraction and relaxation
239
what are muscle cells also called
muscle fibers
240
what do the blood vessels do when you begin to exercise
they dilate to increase blood flow
241
what materials are needed for muscles to make ATP
oxygen
glucose or glycogen
creatine phosphate (ADP>ATP)
242
what are the waste products produced as a result of muscle contraction
heat
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
243
what is the production of heat called
thermogenesis
244
what are muscles under your conscious control called
voluntary muscles
245
what are muscles not under your conscious control called
involuntary muscles
246
what is a muscle contraction
the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force for motion
247
what is fibrosis
the replacement of skeletal muscle fibers by connective tissue due to damage, disease, or non-use (also called scar tissue(
248
the decrease in size or deterioration of muscle tissue due to disease or non-use
muscle atrophy
249
the increase in size of muscle tissue due to strenuous activity (weightlifting)
muscle hypertrophy
250
where are skeletal muscles
muscles attached to bone
251
what are skeletal muscle fibers shaped like
elongated, cylindrical cells
252
are skeletal cells striated
no
253
are skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
254
where is the nucleus on skeletal muscle fibers
they are multinucleated and teh nuclei is found on the periphery
255
where are cardiac muscles
in the heart
256
what are cardiac cells shaped like
branching cells
257
are cardiac cells striated
yes
258
are cardiac cells voluntary or involuntary
in voluntary
SA node and AV node in the heart controls heartbeat
259
how many nuclei do cardiac muscle tissues have
single nucleus
260
what characteristic makes cardiac muscle tissue beat on its own
autorythmicity
(build in pacemaker)
261
which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs
cardic
262
where are smooth muscle tissues
walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)
263
what are smooth muscle tissues shaped like
spindle-shaped cells
264
are smooth muscles tissues striated
no
265
are smooth muscle tissues voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
266
where is the nuclei on smooth muscle tissue
single centrally located nucleus
267
what is a negative feedback mechanism
brings something back to homeostasis
268
what is an example of a negative feedback mechanism
When the body temp begins to drop, the body begins to shiver. These muscular contractions produce heat, which helps warm the body.
If a person is overheated they begin to sweat, carrying heat away from the body.
269
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
270
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
In blood clotting, chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.
Uterine contractions during childbirth stimulate more contractions
271
what are the parts of the brain
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
thalamus
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
pons
spinal cord
cerebrum
pituitary gland
fissue
sulcus
gyrus
272
the endocrine system is a system of the human body that includes a collection of _____ that produce and secrete ___ directly into the blood stream
glands
hormones
273
what are the hormones produced and secreted directly into the blood stream for
to regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development
274
what are 10 glands
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovaries
testes
thymus
pineal
hyppthalamus
275
the endocrine system acts with the ____ system to coordinate the body's activites
nervous
276
both the endocrine and nervous systems enable cells to _____ by using _____
communicate with other structures
chemical messengers to relay mesages
277
endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ____
hormones
278
nervous system uses chemical messengers called
neurotransmitters
279
reactions resulting from the endocrine system are ____ than the nervous system
slower
280
why are reactions resulting from the endocrine system slower than the nervous system
because hormones travel through the blood and the speed of blood throughout the body is much slower than the transmission of nerve impulses
281
why are endocrine glands different than exocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless
282
where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones
directly into the blood stream
283
where do hormones secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands go
the hormones travel to the appropriate tissues/organs and bind to receptors on the membrane of those structures
284
where do exocrine glands secrete their hormones
they have ducts and secrete hormones/substances locally or to a body surface
285
what are the types of exocrine glands
sweat
sebaceous
salivary
digestive
286
what is the pituitary gland often called
master gland
287
why is it called the master gland
because the pituitary gland's secretions control oteher endocrine glands
288
where is the pineal gland
brain
289
what does the pineal gland do
body clock (melatonin)
helps control onset of puberty
290
where is the thymus gland
thoracic cavity
291
what does the thymus gland do
production of WBC's (immunity)
292
where are the testes
pelvic cavity
293
what do the testes do
produce testosterone and sperm
294
where are the ovaries at
pelvic cavity
295
what do the ovaries do
produce estrogen, progesterone, and ovum
296
where is the thyroid
below larynx
297
what does the thyroid do
controls body's metabolism
helps regulatecalcium in blood and bone
298
where is the parathyroid
posterior surface of thyroid
299
what does the parathyroid do
helps regulate calcium levels in the blood and bone
300
where is the pancreas
posterior of the stomach
301
what does the pancreas do
controls blood sugar and aids digestion
302
where is the adrenal galnd
on top of each kidney
303
what does the andrenal gland do
stress adaption
stabilizes blood sugar
304
where Is the pituitary gland
brain
305
what does the pituitary gland do
stimulates growth, reproduction, and other glands
306
where is the hypothalamus
brain
307
what does the hypothalamus do
controls secretions of the pituitary gland and produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH
308
hormones work specifically on cells called
target cells
309
the glands of the endocrine system secrete chemical messengers called
hormones
310
hormones secreted by endocrine glands travel directly to the blood stream and therefore are called
ductless glands
311
hormones relay signals by either ____ on the membrane of a target cell or by entering into _____
attaching to a receptor
the cell's nucleus
312
what are activities affected by hormones
metabolism
growth
reproduction
313
The pituitary gland is basically controlled by the
hypothalamus
314
the hormone oxytoncin has what 2 functions
milk released for nursing
uterine contractions for childbrith
315
what hormones are sent from the pituitary galnd
oxytocin and adh
316
what does the hormone adh do
helps maintain water balance in the kidneys
317
the pituitary gland is composed of __ lobes
2
anterior and posterior
318
the hGH target cells are primarily ___ and ___
bone cells and muscle cells
319
the ___ of glucose provides our bodies with energy (ATP)
oxidation
320
at rest the body glucose and oxygen are delivered to your cells at a relatively low rate and that rate is called the ___
basal metabolic rate
321
what are the clusters of cells within the pancreas called
Islets of Langerhans
322
what do Islets of Langerhands secrete
the hormone insulin
323
what does the insulin produced by the Islets of Langerhans do
takes glucose out of the blood and gives it to your cells
324
what does the pancreas secrete
insulin and glucagons
325
what do glucagons do
simulate liver to relase glucose into blood
326
adrenaline can also be called ___
epinephrine
327
what are the 4 effects of adrenaline on the body in times of stress
stimulates liver to release more glucose into blood
reduces flow of blood to internal rogans
heartrate increases
breathing rate increases
328
the secretions of the adrenal gland are controlle dby the ____
ptuitary gland
329
normal body metabolism is controlled by the
thyroid galnd
330
the hormone thyroxin targets which cells of your body
all cells
331
people who produce too much thyroxin have a condition called ____
hyperthyroid
332
people who do not produce enough thyroxin have a condition called ____
hypothyroid
333
what are the endocrine glands that control reproduction in males
testes
334
what are the endocrine glands that control reproduction in females
ovaries
335
what 2 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland at higher levels during puberty to control sexual characteristics within the male and female
LH
FSH
336
the primary sex hormone produced by the male is
testosterone
337
the primary sex hormone produced by the female is
estrogen
338
this gland may control biorhythms in some animals and control the onset of puberty in humans
pineal
339
this gland stimulates metabolic rate and is essential to normal development
thyroid
340
this gland stimulates growth and stimulates secretion of hormones from other glands
pituitary
341
in females this gland stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth of sex organs at puberty, and prompts monthly preparation of uterus for pregnancy
ovaries
342
this glands is the major area where the nervous and endocrine systems interact
hypothalamus
343
this gland controls blood glucose levels and determines the fate of glycogen
pancreas
344
this gland initiates stress responses, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate, dilates blood vessels, mobilizes fat and raises blood sugar levels
adrenal
345
this gland promotes production and maturation of white blood cells
thymys
346
in males this gland increases blood calcium level, stimulates calcium reabsorption and activates vitamin D
parathyroid
347
what gland produces ACTH
pituitary
348
what gland produces thyroxin
thyroid
349
which gland produces PTH
parathyroid
350
which gland produces adrenaline
adrenal
351
which gland produces insulin
pancreas (islets of langerhans)
352
which gland produces tesosterone
testis
353
which gland produces estrogen
ovary
354
which gland produces FSH
pituitary
355
what gland produces noradernaline
adrenal
356
what gland produces TSH
pituitary
357
what gland produces calcitonin
thyroid
358
what gland produces LH
pituitary
359
what gland produces progestrone
ovary
360
what gland produces GH
pituitary
361
what gland produces ADH
pituitary
362
what gland produces cortisol
adrenal
363
what gland produces PRL
pituitary
364
what gland produces glucagon
pancreas (islets of langerhans)
365
what gland produces oxytocin
pituitary
366
what gland produces MSH
pituitary
367
this hormone raises the blood sugar level and increases the heartbeat and breathing rates
adrenaline
368
this hormone causes glucose to be removed from the blood and be stored
insulin
369
this hormone influences the development of female secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
370
this hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose
glucagon
371
this hormone controls the metabolism of calcium
PTH and Calcitonin
372
this hormone promotes the reabsorption of sodium and potassium ions by the kidney
aldosterone
373
this hormone influences the development of male secondary sex charactersitics
testosterone
374
this hormone stimulates the elongation of the long bones of the body
GH
375
this hormone stimulates the secretion of hormones by the cortecx of the adrenal glands
ACTH
376
this hormone regulates the rate of metabolism in the body
thyroxin
377
this hormone stimulates the development of eggs in the female's ovary
FSH
378
this hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
cortisol
379
this hormone stimulates the production of thyroxin
TSH
380
what are the four chambers of the heart
right atrium, left atrium (top)
right ventricle, left ventricle (bottom)
381
the heart has __ main valves that ___
4
control the flow of blood
382
what are the 4 valves in the heart
tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
bicuspid valve
aortic semilunar valve
383
what is the bicuspid valve also called
mitral valve
384
where is the cricuspid valve
right atrium > right venricle
385
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve
right ventricle>lungs
386
where is the bicuspid valve
left atrium > left ventricle
387
where is the aortic semilunar valve
left ventricle > aortra
388
the heart is separated into right and left halves by a wall called the ____
septum
389
which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood and which side contains oxygenated blood
right: deoxygenated
left: oxygenated
390
what does she septum prevent
prevetns the good oxygenated blood and bad deoxygenated blood from mixing
391
what do blood vessels do
carry blood toward and away from the heart
392
what do veins do
carry blood toward the heart (red)
393
what do arteries do
carry blood away from the hear (red)
394
blood in ____ of the heart will be pumped to ____
atria
ventricles
395
blood in the ___ of the heart will be pumped ____ (either toe __ or __)
ventricles
outside the heart
lungs
your body cells
396
describe the flow of blood through the heart
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bucuspid valve (mitral)
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
organs---body cells
vena cava
397
what are arteries
blood vessels that ususally carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
398
what is the exception with arteries
the pulmonary artery
it carries deoxygenated blood away from heart to longs, but still away from heart
399
what are capillaries
smallerest arties
only artery in which substances can diffuse into and out of tehm
400
what substances can duffuse into and out of capillaries
oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide
401
list the arteries from largest to smallest
aorta
arteries
artioles
capillaries
402
arteries are usually colored ___ on diagrams to show ___
red
it has oxygenated blood
403
what are veins
blood vessels that usually carry deoxyenated blood toward the heart
404
what is the one exception of veins
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood form lungs to heart, but still towards the heart
405
list the veins from largest to smallest
vena cavas
veins
venules
406
veins are usually colored ___ on diagrams to show ___
blue
it has deoxygenated blood
407
capillaries connect with ___ because they are similar in size. they then start ___
venules
carrying blood back to heart
408
the heart is composed of ____ tissue
cardiac muscle
409
the heart beats approximately ___ times at rest
60-80
410
why does cardiac muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?
to allow muscle fibers in heart ot contract all at one time
artia contracts together which verticles relax
vice versa
411
what tells the atria to contract
sino-atrial node (SA node)
natural human pacemaker
412
what tells the ventricles to contract
atrioventricular node (AV node)
413
how many directions does the blood from in the heart and body
one
414
what does coronary arteries do
carry blood to heart itself to nourish the heart muscles
415
what do carotid arteries do
in neck
carry blood from heart to brain/head
416
where is the best place to take pulse
carotid artery
417
what is the radial artery
artery in the wrist
418
why should you not take pulse with thumb
because it has its own pulse
419
what is another name for a heart attack
myocardial infarction
420
there are about ___ miles of blood vessels in the human body
62,000
421
what is the weakening of the wall of an artery
aneurysm
422
___: a disease in which fatty deposits (cholesterol) form in the walls of an artery. these deposits are commonly called ___
atherosclerosis
plaque
423
contraction of human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood ___
30 feet
424
what is another term for high blood pressure
hypertension
425
when is blood exygenated and deoygenated
- oxygenated from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery
- blood picks up oxygen in lungs
- oxygenated from pulmonary artery to aorta
- reaches organs and body cells then releases oxygen
- deoxygenated in inferior and superior vena cava
426
Which glands are connected to hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
