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Anatomy > Spring Final > Flashcards

Spring Final Flashcards

(190 cards)

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1
Q

List the levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest

A

atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
whole organism

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2
Q

the study of the structures and functions of the human body

A

human anatomy and physiology

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3
Q

small structures within a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis

A

organelles

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4
Q

the basic unit of structure and function of the human body

A

cell

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5
Q

groups of cells similar in structure and function

A

tissues

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6
Q

a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that has a specialized function

A

organ

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7
Q

the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given point in time

A

metabolism

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8
Q

having a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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9
Q

What is the difference between negative feedback mechanism and positive feedback mechanism

A
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10
Q

an internal fluid between cells that contains water nutrietns and oxygen

A

extracellular/intercellular fluid

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11
Q

a structure that causes a response which alters conditions in the internal environment

A

effector

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12
Q

what are body cavities

A

open spaces in the human body that usually contain organs

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13
Q

what are the two main body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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14
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

A

cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

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15
Q

what is in the cranial cavity

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)

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16
Q

what is in the vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord

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17
Q

what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

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18
Q

what organs are in the thoracic cavity

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

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19
Q

what organs are in the abdominal cavity

A

adrenal gland
liver
gallbladdar
spleen
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
kidney
appendix
ureters
stomach

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20
Q

what organs are in the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries

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21
Q

what are the top 11 elements in the human body

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)

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22
Q

what are inorganic substances

A

substances that do not contain both carbon and hydrogten

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23
Q

what kinds of substances dissolve in water or react with water to release ions (electrolytes)

A

inorganic

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24
Q

what do inorganic substances do when they react with water

A

they release ions (electrolytes)

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25
what are the types of inorganic substances in cells
water oxygen carbon dioxide salts
26
what is the most abundant compound in living material
water
27
what is the major component of blood and other body tissues and fluids
water
28
what inorganic substances is transported throughout ht e body by the blood
oxygen
29
what kind of cells transport oxygen throughout the body through the blood
red blood cells - erythrocytes
30
what carries oxygenated blood away from heart
arteries
31
what inorganic substances in used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
32
what inorganic substance is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
33
what is a waste product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
34
what is brought to lungs by veins
carbon dioxide
35
what inorganic substance is abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
36
what provides many necessary ions for the body
salts
37
which ions do salts provide for the body
Ca2+, K+, Na+
38
what is an organic substance
contians both carbon and hydrogen
39
what are the organic substances
carbohydrates lipids prteins nucleic acids
40
what substances are necessary for life
organic substances
41
what is the composition of carbohydrates
C H O
42
what is the composition of lipids
C H O
43
what is the composition of proteins
C H O N sometimes S
44
what is the composition of nucleic acids
C H O N P
45
what are inorganic substances that contain C H O usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
46
what are inorganic substances usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipids
47
what are nucleic acids
organic substances that are large and complex and function in protein synthesis and they contain your genetic information (DNA and RNA)
48
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates
hexoses (sugar with 6 carbon atoms)
49
what are the building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
50
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids (20)
51
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
52
this organic substance's main function is to serve as an energy source (primary source of ATP)
carbohydrates
53
this organic substance's main function is to provide cell structure (plasma membrane) and its secondary function is the be a source for ATP production
lipid
54
this organic substance's main function is to serve as a structural material of muscles, bones, skin, and can also be an energy source
protein
55
this organic substance's main function is to function is protein synthesis and to contain genetic information
nucleic acids
56
what are examples of carbohydrates
glucose lactose sucrose fructose plant starch glycogen
57
what are examples of lipids
fats phospholipids steroids triglycerides
58
what are examples of proteins
keratin collagen fibrin hemoglobin enzymes antibodies
59
what are examples of nucleotides
RNA and DNA
60
what are carbohydrates often called
sugars
61
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as _____ also called _____
simple sugars monosaccharides
62
what are examles of monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose
63
simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called _____ and _____
disaccharides polysaccharides
64
how many sugars are disaccharides
double sugars
65
how many sugars are polysaccharides
many sugars linked together
66
what are examples of disaccharides
sucrose and lactose
67
what are examples of polysaccharides
plant starch and glycogen
68
which organic substance is insoluble in water
lipid
69
are all proteins the same
no they have unique conformations (size sequence shape)
70
what gives a protein its function/role
confomration and sequence
71
what do nucleotides contain
5 carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogen base
72
what is DNA
deoxyribose and double helix
73
what is RNA
ribose and single stranded
74
what are tissues
group of similar cells that have a common function
75
what are the four types of tissue that compose the body
epithelial connective muscle nervous
76
what is the function of epithelial cells
protection diffucion filtration absorption secretion
77
what are the cells and matrix of epithelial tissue like
mostly cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix) between cells
78
which tissue contains the most cell junctions
epithelial
79
which tissue's cells have the fastest cell mitotic/replication rate
epithelial tissue
80
is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular
avascular
81
does epithelial tissue have a nerve supply
yes
82
what are the cell shapes like of epithelial tissue
squamous cuboidal columnar
83
what are sqamous cells
thin flat cells
84
what are cuboidal cells
cells that are as tall as wide
85
what are columnar cells
cells that are taller than they are wide
86
how can epithelial cells be arranged
in a singular layer or multiple layers
87
single layer of cells is called ____
simple
88
multiple layer of cells is called _____
stratified
89
what are examples of epithelial tissue
simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium
90
Epithelial tissue is usually referred to as _____ because it _____
lining tissue lines the inside and outside of all structures in the body
91
what can the shapes and layering of the epithelial cells tell us
the function
92
what is the function of simple squamous
diffusion filtration
93
what is the function of simple cuboidal and simple columnar
absorption storage and secretion
94
what are the functions of connective tissue
protection gives body structure hemopoiesis energy storage mineral storage body temperature homeostasis binds organs together carries oxygen immune system blood clotting
95
what are the cells and matrix of connective tissue like
fewer cells (they are spread out) and more matrix between cells
96
which tissue contains the fewest cell junctions
connective because cells are more spread out
97
what is the mitotic rate like for connective tissue
slower mitotic rate than epithelial but the cells do replicate
98
are connective tissues vascular or avascular
some are vascular but some are avascular
99
do connective tissues have a nerve supply
most do but some do not
100
what are some examples of connective tissue
bone cartilage tendons ligaments adipose bone
101
what are the cells of connective tissue shaped like
they vary depending on the specific type of tissue
102
what is the most abundant tissue in the human body
connective
103
what is the function of muscle tissue
to contract to priduce force for motion
104
whare are the secondary functions of muscle tissue
thermogenesis (body temperature regulation) to maintain posture
105
what are the cells and matrix of muscle tissue like
many cells close together with little matrix between cells
106
which tissue has the second most cell junctions
muscle tissue
107
when do muscle cells/fibers replicate
only during the first couple years
108
are muscle tissues vascular
yes they are the most vascular tissue in the body
109
do muscle tissues have a nerve supply
no
110
what are the types of muscle fibers
skeletal cardiac smooth (visceral)
111
what are the shapes of the muscle cells like
they are different depending on what type of muscle is it
112
what are the functions of nervous tissue
to create and send nerve impulses througout the body and to support the nerve tissue itself
113
what are the cells and matrix of nervous tissue like
many neurglia cells and fewer neurons with little matrix between
114
what are the cells junctions of nervous cells like
few cell junctions but more than connective
115
what is the mitotic rate of nervous cells like
neurons - slow to no mitotic rate neurglia - can perform mitosis
116
are nervous tissues vascular or avascular
vascular
117
do nervous tissues have a nerve supply
yes
118
what are the types of cells within nerve tissue
neurons neuroglia (6)
119
The integumentary system is a ____ that has many structures:
system of organs skin hair nails sudoriferous and sebaceous glands blood vessels nerve endings hair follicle arrector pili muscle
120
what is the major portion of the integumentary system
skin
121
explain the layers of the integumentary system
2 layers: epidermis and dermis 3rd layer: hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) is not technically a layer but a layer beneath the skin
122
what kind of tissue does the skin contain
some of all four types but majority epithelial and connective
123
is your skin an organ
yes
124
skin is sometimes referred to as _____
cutaneous membrane
125
what is the body's largest organ
skin
126
what are the functions of the integumentary system
body temp homeostasis prevents/slows water loss protection helps produce vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation houses sensory receptors (nerves) secretes waste immunity - keratinocytes, langerhans cells
127
the study involved with the diagnosing and treatment of skin disorders
dermatology
128
the removal of tissue from the body for examination
biopsy
129
what is melanin
a protein migment that gives the skin hair and eyes their color
130
what is keratin
protein found in hair skin and nails that give strength and waterproofing
131
what are sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to regulate body temperature and carry wastes to the surface of skin
132
what are sebaceous glands
oil gland connected to hair follicles absent in palms and soles produces sebum
133
what does sebum do
mositens hair waterproofs and softens skin inhibits bacterial growth
134
what kind of tissue is the epidermis composed of
mostly epithelial but contains other tissue as well
135
most cells in the epidermis are ____ and ____
squamous stratified
136
what are the superficial cells in the epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous spithelial cells
137
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
138
what are the nerve endings in the epidermis sensitive to
pressure/touch
139
why are the cells in the lower layers of the epidermis living
because those cells receive more nutrients from blood diffusing from dermis to lower epidermis
140
what are the functions of the epidermis
prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin keeps out pathogens and allergens protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics) produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes) touch sensations
141
what protects the epidermis from physical harm
stratified characteristics
142
what protects the epidermis from UV
melanin produced by melanocytes
143
what kind of tissue is the dermid composed of
mostly connective tissue but contains all types of tissue
144
which is the thickest layer of the skin
dermis
145
how thick is the dermis
aprx 2-6mm thick
146
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
147
how is the dermis connected to the epidermis
basement membrane
148
what are the nerve endings in the dermis sensitive to
heat, pain, pressure/touch
149
what is in the dermis
sudoriferous and sebaceous glands hari follicles arrector pili muscles blood vessels some adipose tissue
150
what is the hypodermis also called
subcutaneous layer
151
what kinds of tissue is the hypodermis composed of
mostly connective tissue (mostly adipose), some nervous tissue and blood vessels
152
is the hypodermis vascular or avascular
vascular
153
what are the nerve endings in the hypodermis sensitive to
cold and pressure
154
what are the functions of the hypodermis
insulation energy storage protection
155
what is the skeletal system composed of
bone bone marrow cartilage tendons ligaments
156
what is bone tissue often called
osseous tissue
157
what are the functions of bone
support and protection for the body and body organs gives the body a framework mineral homeostasis blood cell production energy storage
158
what minerals do bones keep in homeostasis
calcium and phosphorus
159
how does bone aid in blood cell production
hematopoiesis produces blood cells in red bone marrow
160
how does bone aid in energy storage
yellow bone marrow
161
how are bones classified
by their shape
162
what are the classifications of bones
long short flat irregular sesamoid wormian (sutural)
163
what are the long bones
femur humerus radius metacarpals phalanxes
164
what are the short bones
carpals and tarsals
165
what are the flat bones
bones of cranium scapulae sternum hips ribs
166
what are the irregular bones
vertebrae facial bones
167
what are the seasamoid bones
patella
168
what are the wormian bones
bones between or within the sutures
169
bone is considered _____ tissue
connective
170
is bone vascular or avascular
vascular
171
what are the cells and matrix of bone like
fewer cells compared to matrix
172
do bones have a nerve supply
yes
173
what gives bones strength
collagen fibers calcium phosphorus
174
bone formation
ossification
175
the hardening of bone
calcification (mineralization
176
blood cell formation
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
177
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
178
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
foramen
179
a bone disorder in which bone densite decreases
osteoporosis
180
any break in a bone
fracture
181
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
182
what are the four types of cells found in bone
osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
183
what are osteoprogenitor cells
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated) can undergo mitosis
184
which bone cell can undergo mitosis
osteoprogenitor cells
185
what are osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
186
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells maintains bone tissue
187
how do osteocytes maintain bone tissue
exchnages nutrietns with blood
188
what are osteoclasts
break down bone (reabsorption of bone) functions in remodeling and repair of bone
189
growth in length of bones ___ and growth in diameter ___
stops about the age of 18-25 may continue throughout your life
190
what factors influence growth in bone
nutrition (Cacium and vitamin D) hormone secretions physical exercise

Anatomy (23 decks)

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