Stage 2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Chart supplements
A
Airport diagram for KADS
2
Q
What is a hot spot
A
An area where a runway incursions likely to occur
3
Q
Alpha airspace
A
Must be IFR rated, 18000 + MSL
4
Q
Bravo airspace
A
- Need to be cleared into the bravo
- ADSB out
- transponder (mode c)
- top usually up to 10000’ MSL
- 30nm mode C veil
5
Q
Charlie airspace
A
- 2 way communication
- ADSB out
- Transponder (mode)
- tops 4000’ AGL
- 5nm inner ring
- 10nm outer ring
6
Q
Delta airspace
A
- 2 way communication
- tops 2500 AGL
- 5sm ring (4.4nm)
7
Q
Echo airspace
A
Start 1200’ AGL - 18000’ MSL, within vignette 700’ AGL to 18000’ MSL
8
Q
Golf airspace
A
Below 1200’ AGL, within vignette below 700’ AGL
9
Q
(TRSA)
A
Terminal radar service area
- Acts like a hybrid between Charlie and delta
- voluntary radar services provided, not required
- has an approach control
- actual airport is a delta
10
Q
Cloud clearances bravo
A
3sm, clear of clouds
11
Q
Cloud clearance Charlie/ delta
A
3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal
12
Q
Cloud clearance echo below 10000’ MSL
A
3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal
13
Q
Cloud clearance echo above 10000’ MSL
A
5sm, 1000’ above, 1000’ below, 1 Mile horizontal
14
Q
Cloud clearance golf below 1200’ AGL
A
Day- 1sm, clear of clouds
Night- 3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal
15
Q
Cloud clearance golf above 1200’ AGL
A
Day- 1sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal
Night- 3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal
16
Q
Special use airspace
A
Airspace where activities are confined to their nature, or where limits are imposed on aircraft that are not part of those activities
17
Q
Military operations area
A
-Separates IFR traffic from military activity
- freedom to fly through
18
Q
Controlled firing area
A
- similar to MoA and not depicted on sectional
- uses spotters to advise cease fires
- freedom to fly through
19
Q
Prohibited
A
Not allowed to fly through
20
Q
Restricted
A
- includes temporary flight restrictions (TFR)
- airspace is temporarily closed to general public, see not as
- reasons include to protect general public or security area such as football games, president in town
Need permission to enter
21
Q
Alert
A
- Area where increased situational awareness is needed
- example: high amount of flight training occurs
- free to fly through
22
Q
Warning area
A
- can be hazardous to non-participating aircraft
- usually over international waters
- freedom to fly though
23
Q
National security area
A
Asked to voluntarily avoid this area for security reasons
24
Q
Special flight rules area (SFRA)
A
- requires special training in order to operate
- examples: Washington, DC and Grand Canyon
25
VFR altitudes
- Must be above 3000’ AGL
- east is odd 1000s + 500
- west is even 1000s + 500
- alternate airports
26
Pilotage and dead reckoning
If we lose our GPS we still have a means of navigation
-pilotage - knowing where you are by reading a map
Dead reckoning- knowing where you are by using time, ground speed, and distance
27
METAR
Meteorological aerodrome report
- current/observed weather unplayed every 50 mins past the hour
28
Dew point
-Temperature at which air becomes fully saturated
- When temperature/ dew point within 2 Celsius, expect fog
29
TAF
Terminal aerodrome forecast
- forest valid 24 hours, updated every 6 hours
- only acceptable to use within 5sm of airport
- if no TAF, use graphical for art area
30
GFA
Graphical forecast area
- available on aviation weather.gov
- gives weather info that may impact flight
- use when airport does not have a TAF
- can see could coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc
31
LIRF
Low instrument flight rules
Color- magenta
Ceiling- below 500 feet AGL
And/or
Visibility - less than 1 mile
32
IFR
Instrument flight rules
Color- red
Ceiling - 500 to below 1000 feet AGL
And/or
Visibility- 1 mile to less than 3 miles
33
MVFR
Marginal visual flight rules
Color- blue
Ceilings- 1000 to 3000 feet AGL
and or
Visibility- 3 to 5 miles
34
VFR
Visual flight rules
Color- green
Ceilings- greater than 3000’ feet AGL
And
Visibility- greater than 5 miles
35
Why would the airport beacon be lit
Indicates IFR weather during daytime or nighttime
36
What is a winds aloft
- A forecasts wind speed and direction at various altitudes
- absence of winds
*airport elevation within 1500’ of listed altitude
- absence of temp
* airport elevation within 2500’ of listed altitude
-temps assumed negative above 24000’ MSL
37
High pressure
- Clockwise, outwards, and downwards
- poor visibility
- brings higher pressure/ density
38
Low pressure
- counterclockwise, inwards, and upwards ( think tornados)
- good visibility
- includes precipitation because of higher humidity
- lower pressure/ density
39
Warm front
-slow moving, so a change in weather gradual
- stratiform clouds
- poor visibility because air is stable and calm
- steady precipitation
40
Cold front
- cumulus clouds
- possible thunderstorms
- showery precipitation
41
Stationary front
-when cold and warm masses meet and stop movement
- lingers for a long time
- weather: days of rain
42
Occluded front
-when one front catches up to another front moving in the same direction
- usually cold front catches up to a warm font
- weather: thunderstorms
- color: purple
43
Isobars
- lines on the map that show areas with the same pressure altitude
- when close together expect higher winds
- pressure measured in millibars
- winds goes across the bars
44
Airmets
Airmen’s meteorological information
- valid for 6 hours
- contains moderate weather conditions
- tango - turbulence, 30kts winds , low level wind shear
- sierra - IFR conditions, mountain obscurations ( can’t see shit )
- Zulu - freezing ( zero below )
45
Types of ice
- clear
- rime
- mixed
46
Sigmet
Significant meteorological information
- valid for 4 hours
- stronger weather phenomena that will affect safety of all aircraft
- severe or greater turbulence
- dust or sandstorms, volcanic ash
- severe or greater icing
47
Convective sigmet
Sigmet related to convective activity
- valid for 2 hours
- thunderstorms
- winds > 50 kt winds
- hail 3/4” diameter or greater
- tornados
48
3 ingredients for a thunderstorm
- moisture
- uplifting action
- unstable air
49
3 stages of a thunderstorm
- Cumulus
- mature
- dissipating
50
Cumulus
- large updrafts
- clouds are building in form and height
51
Mature
Most dangerous
- both up/ downdrafts
- extreme precipitation
- lightning
52
Dissipating
- mostly downdrafts
- microburst is localized and can reach downdrafts of up to 6000’ a minute
- storm weakens in intensity
53
Weather resources for preflight
- Aviationweather.gov
- 1800wxbrief.com
- third party sources
* ForeFlight
*weather channel
- look outside
54
Weather resources inflight
- ATIS, AWOS, ASOS
- onboard equipment
* ADSB-in
* XM radio
- FSS
- ATC workload permitting
- phone with cell service in emergency situations
55
PIREPs
Pilot reports
- reported by pilots
- can report anything
- example - wind shear
* must include location, altitude which experienced, airspeed gained/lost
56
ISA
International standard atmosphere
At sea level
- standard pressure 29.92” inHg
- standard temperature 15 Celsius
57
Pressure altitude
Altitude at which barometer shows if set to standard pressure
58
Density altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature
- effects of density altitude on aircraft performances
59
Indicated airspeed ( IAS )
indicated by airspeed indicator on PFD
60
Calibrated airspeed ( CAS )
Corrects IAS for instrument position error
61
True airspeed ( TAS )
Corrects CAS for nonstandard temperature
- the amount of air molecules the airplane is actually flying though
62
When does a stall occur
When you exceed the critical angle of attack
- can occur at any airspeed or attitude
63
How to recovery from a spin
REAP
- rudder full opposite
- Elevator forward
- Ailerons neutral
- power idle
64
Fuel requirements
Day - origin to destination + 30 mins at normal cruise
Night - origin to destination + 45 mins at normal cruise
School - origin to destination +1 hour at normal cruise
65
GPS
Global Positioning System
- uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in space
66
VOR
Very high frequency omnidirectional range
- short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing to/from
67
Distance measuring equipment
- uses slant range (lines of sight) to determine distance
- most inaccurate when directly over the top of an object
- inaccuracy negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high
68
Compass errors
VDMONA
- Variation
- deviation
- magnetic dip
- oscillation
- northerly turning errors
- acceleration errors
69
Variation
- isotonic lines on sectional depict differences between true north and magnetic north
70
Deviation
Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings
71
Magnetic dip
As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the ground
72
Oscillation
Mixture of all other errors
73
Northerly turning errors
UNOS
-undershoot north
- overshoot south
- a result of magnet dip
-compass is a magnet, it’s attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole)
- start rollout at 1/2 latitude + 15 degrees
74
Acceleration errors
ANDS
- accelerate north
- decelerate south
- a result of magnetic dip
- compass is magnet, it’s attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole)
75
Preflight planning required when flying outside vicinity of home airport
NWKRAFT
- notams
- weather
- known traffic delays (IFR)
- runway length of intended use
- alternate routes
- fuel requirements
- take off and landing distances
76
Personal minimums
- conditions you personally need to operate a safe flight
- PAVE
- IMSAFE
77
Flight preparation
Preflight
- bring weather briefing
- thorough preflight inspection/walk around
- identify location and placement of required documents
- utilize proper risk management and aeronautical decision making
78
Flight preparation
Taxi
- properly brief LSA/BRS/ passengers
- obtain weather and taxi instructions
- apply appropriate wind correction techniques
- complete taxi checks and perform run-up check
- load flight plan and brief route
79
Flight preparation
Flight
- utilize timer in conjunction with navlog
- fly to checkpoints using pilotage and dead reckoning
- verbalize any deviation from navlog and what impact that has on ETA or fuel burn
- VOR navigation
- unusual attitudes
- adequate use of checklist
- make appropriate radio calls
- emergency
- diversion
- proper pattern entry
- takeoffs/landings utilizing proper
* soft field technique
* short field technique
80
Weight and balance
Forward characteristics
- less range
- more fuel burn
- lower airspeed
- higher stall recovery
- lower landing flare
- higher stability
81
Weight and balance
Aft characteristics
- higher range
- lower fuel burn
- higher airspeed
- lower stall recovery
- higher landing flare
- lower stability
82
Why do hotspots exist
High level traffic cross in that area
In Addison lots of student training
There are big jets and little archers using the same space
83
How does density altitude effects aircraft performance
adversely affects aerodynamic performance and decreases the engine's horsepower output
84
How is Clear ice formed
The water it’s the airplane and while it rolls back on the plane it freezes
85
How is rime ice created
The water freezes as soon as it hits the airplane trapping in all the air and dust making it milky or opaque
86
Towers hours of operation
Changes with each airport
Addison: 6-10
Becomes golf/echo after hours
87
Winds aloft when there is no wind shown
Means the airports elevation is within 1500’ of the listed altitude
88
Winds aloft when there is no temperature shown
Means the airports elevation is within 2500’ of listed altitudes
89
Non standard airspace
McPRAWNS
- military
- controlled firing area
- prohibited
- restricted
- alert area
- warning area
- national security area
- special flight rules area
90
Soft field take off
- flaps 25
- line-up on runway with full aft elevator (pull towards you)
- apply full power (relief back pressure as needed)
- lift off at lowest possible airspeed
- reduce pitch to remain in ground effect
- accelerate to VX 64 KIAS
- climb at VX 64 KIAS till 50ft, then flaps 10 and lower nose to climb at VY 76 KIAS
- above 200ft, flaps 0
- perform cruise checklist when appropriate
91
Soft field landing
- regular landing
- slowly increase back pressure to full elevator
- maintain back pressure until off “soft” surface
92
Short field takeoff
- flaps 25
- request short delay
- hold brakes, apply full power ( make sure all in the green ) release brakes
- rotate 55 KIAS
- pitch for 60 KIAS until over 50ft obstacles
- pitch for Vx 64 KIAS when clear of obstacles, flaps to 10
- above 200ft flaps 0
- pitch for Vy 76
- cruise checklist when appropriate
93
Short field landing
- regular landing
- final 66 KIAS
- enter ground effect 500ft prior to touchdown point
- close throttle 200ft prior to touchdown point
- slowly bring nose to the runway, apply maximum braking
94
Unusually attitudes
Pointed down - power idle, level wings, then pull up
Pointed up - full power, level wings and while going down at the same time
