Stages of learning, guidance and feedback Flashcards
1
Q
Stage 1: the cognitive stage
A
- lots of trail and error
- lots of reinforcement necessary
- when failing, they should understand why so they can avoid it next time
- to understand they will use demos and guidance
- relevant cues should be highlighted then recognised by the performer
2
Q
Stage 2: the associative stage
A
- associates the movements produced with the mental image
- learner becomes aware of more subtle and complex cues
- feedback occurs
- vast improvement in performance
- motor programmes are formed, but not ‘grooved’ automatically
3
Q
Stage 3: the autonomous stage
A
- movements almost automatic
- distractions are ignored
- motor programmes in LTM
-short reaction time - most only reach with simple movement patterns
- must continuously refer back to associative stage to ensure motor programmes are reinforced
4
Q
Verbal guidance
A
- describe the action and explain how to perform it
- hard to describe without demo so often useless to beginners
-effective for tactics and positional play
5
Q
Advantages of verbal guidance
A
- form of feedback that can reinforce good movements and identify errors
- can hold the attention and motivate the performer if done correctly and
6
Q
disadvantages of verbal guidance
A
- lead to ‘info overload’= distracted or confused
- guidance given could be inaccurate
7
Q
Visual guidance
A
- used in cognitive stage
- helps form mental image of the skill
- demos videos charts visual aids
-demo needs to be accurate to get the right image - focus on a few aspects to not get info overload
8
Q
advantages of visual guidance
A
- easy to create mental picture
-able to see the skill in diff stages - encourages observational learning
9
Q
disadvantages of visual guidance
A
- bad habits if demo is incorrect
- coach may not be able to show accurate demo
- representation may be unclear or skill production too quick so they cant follow it
10
Q
Manual guidance
A
- physical support for the performer by another person e.g. being held up in handstand position
11
Q
Mechanical guidance
A
- physical support from a mechanical device e.g. arm bands when swimming
12
Q
advantages of manual/ mechanical guidance
A
- give a sense of safety and help with confidence
- used to isolate a specific part of the skill to practice subroutines
- gain kineasthetic feel of movement
13
Q
disadvantages of manual/ mechanical guidance
A
- over-restrictive to performer who feels lack of control over movement
- lead to false sense of kineasthesis
- may become over reliant on support
14
Q
intrinsic feedback
A
- info for the performer that is internal from the sensory system
15
Q
advantages of intrinsic feedback
A
- occurs as the movement happens so movement corrected immediately
- dont have to rely on others, good for autonomous learners
16
Q
disadvantages of intrinsic performance
A
- may not lead to accurate changes if cognitive performer as cant interpret info from body yet
- may interpret intrinsic feedback incorrectly and performance may deteriorate
17
Q
extrinsic feedback
A
- feedback that comes from external sources
18
Q
advantages of external feedback
A
- coach can give coaching points that may lead to improvements
- only if info is correct and relevant
19
Q
disadvantages of external feedback
A
- inaccurate feedback can cause negative transfer
- if source of feedback is unreliable motivation can drop
- doesnt encourage kineasthetic awareness
20
Q
positive feedback
A
- often extrinsic and rewards the performer e.g. praise/ positive comments
21
Q
advantages of positive feedback
A
- lead to positive reinforcement and adapt to correct S-R bond to be formed
- motivating especially for cognitive learners
- build self esteem and confidence
22
Q
disadvantages of positive feedback
A
- if undeserved may repeat the incorrect S-R bonds
- dont respond well to too much praise and may ignore feedback
23
Q
Negative feedback
A
- info about the unsuccessful aspects of performance or results e.g. criticisms
24
Q
advantages of negative feedback
A
- some maybe more motivated and more determined
- clear about which aspects of performance needs improvements
- suited to autonomous who require more reinforcement
25
disadvantages of negative feedback
- can demotivate performer especially if cognitive or take criticism badly
- detrimental to learning processes if feedback is inaccurate
26
knowledge of results
- external feedback, come from seeing or hearing results results from another person
- little learning with this type of feedback
27
knowledge of performance
- feedback about the movement pattern that has been taken or is taking place
- associated with external feedback but can be gained with kineasthetic awareness, if highly skilled or autonomous
