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Staining Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkaline structures: ___ are stained by ___ stains

A

cytoplasm stained by Acidic stains

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2
Q

cytoplasm is stained RED

A

Eosin

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3
Q

nucleus is stained BLUE

A

Hematoxylin

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4
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF STAINING

A
  • Histological Staining
  • Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)
  • Immunohistochemical Staining
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5
Q

Microanatomic staining, Bacterial staining, and Specific staining of your tissues

A

Histological Staining

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6
Q

a type of staining that enhances or specify certain chemical terms such as; Iron, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Sodium Potassium etc..

A

Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)

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7
Q

staining process that pertains to enzyme-labeled antibodies, antigens

A

Immunohistochemical Staining (Immunohistochemistry)

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8
Q

the process whereby the tissue constituents are
demonstrated in sections by direct interaction
with a dye or staining solution, producing
coloration of the active tissue component

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

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9
Q

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING examples (mbs)

A
  • Microanatomic stains
  • Bacterial stains
  • Specific tissue stains
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10
Q

the process whereby various constituents of
tissues are studied through chemical reactions
that will permit microscopic localization of a
specific tissue substance

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)

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11
Q

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)e examples (pp🪷 )

A
  • Perl’s Prussian Blue
  • Periodic Acid Schiff
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12
Q

histochemical staining for hemoglobin, demonstrates Ferric Iron (Fe3+) in tissues

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

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13
Q

histochemical staining for carbohydrates

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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14
Q

a combination of immunologic and histochemical
techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be
detected and demonstrated under the
microscope,

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY)

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15
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY use a wide range of _____ labeled or ___ labeled antibodies (antigen)

A

monoclonal, fluorescent-labeled or enzyme
labeled antibodies (antigen)

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16
Q

It is the basis of histochemistry

A

Specific Staining

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17
Q

It is accomplished by controlled, specific
chemical reactions designed to give a
final color (staining) at the site/location
of the structure of the substances in the
cells or tissues

A

Specific Staining

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18
Q

Examples of specific staining

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue reaction
Periodic Acid Schiff technique

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19
Q

Specific stain for hemosiderin

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue reaction

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20
Q

Specific stain for Polysaccharides

A

Periodic Acid Schiff technique

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21
Q

the staining of tissue by means of
simple alcoholic/aqueous solution of the
dye

A

Simple Staining/Direct Staining

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22
Q

Example of Simple Staining/Direct Staining

A

Methylene blue and Eosin

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23
Q

the action of the dye is intensified by
some other agents

A

Indirect Staining

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24
Q

Examples of Indirect Staining

A

Mordant
Accentuator

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25
substance which when taken up by the tissue, helps make the in return serving as a link or bridge to make the staining reaction possible
Mordant
26
Mordant combines with a dye forming a _____ which combines with tissue to form an insoluble _______
colored "lake", "tissue-mordant-dve complex"
27
an integral of the staining reaction itself, without which, no staining could possibly occur
Mordant
28
Examples of mordant (pa(h/p) iwh)
- Potassium Alum with Hematoxylin in Ehrlich's hematoxylin - Iron in Weigert's hematoxylin
29
chemical substances that does not participate but merely increases or heightens the color intensity, selectivity and crispness of the stain
Accentuator
30
Accentuator differ from mordant in what way
they do not bind or link the tissue to the dye
31
Examples of accentuator
- Potassium hydroxide Loeffler's Methylene blue (KOH) in Loeffler's Methylene blue - Phenol in carbol thionine and carbolfuchsin
32
staining is **continued in a definite sequence** until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained
Progressive Staining
33
no ___ in between is required solely relies on the selective affinity of dyes for different cellular elements
NO washing/ differentiation/decolorization
34
the tissues are overtrained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity is obtained
Regressive Staining
35
2 PRINCIPLES: regressive staining
a. Overstaining b. Washing/ Differentiation/Decolorization
36
selective removal stain from tissue of excess
Washing/Decolorization/Differentiation
37
Examples of regressive staining
Acid Fast Staining and Gram Staining
38
is a **slower staining process** in which the tissue is left in the staining solution just long enough to reach the desired endpoint
Progressive staining
39
is a more **rapid staining** process in which the tissue is deliberately **over stained** and then **de-stained**
Regressive staining
40
Deliberate over staining
Regressive Staining
41
no deliberate over staining
Progressive Staining
42
DIFFERENTIATION IN A DILUTE ACID ALCOHOL is required
Regressive Staining
43
DIFFERENTIATION IN A DILUTE ACID ALCOHOL is not required
Progressive Staining
44
Less coloring of the cytoplasm
Progressive Staining
45
Over stain the cytoplasm
Regressive Staining
46
haematoxylins are generally less concentrated
Progressive Staining
47
haematoxylins are more concentrated
Regressive Staining
48
Stains used in progressive staining
Gill's haematoxylin Mayer's haematoxylin
49
Stains used in regressive staining
Harris haematoxylin Ehrlich's haematoxylin Delafield's haematoxylin
50
Slowly and selectively stains
Progressive Staining
51
Rapidly diffuses over the entire cell
Regressive Staining
52
entails the use of the specific dyes that stains tissue with a color that is different from that of the stain color itself
Metachromatic Staining AKA: Metachromasia
53
Metachromasia is particularly employed for staining of
Mast Cell granules Epithelial mucins Cartilage Connective tissue Amyloid
54
Metachromatic dye used for mast cell granules
Basic dyes belonging to Thizine and Triphenylmethane groups
55
Metachromatic dye for reticulocytes
Cresyl Blue
56
the application of a different color of stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated
Counterstaining
57
Counterstain for cytoplasm
Eosin (acidic stain)
58
Hematoxylin is a ___ stain
Basic stain
59
the selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structure by **phagocytosis** of the dye particle (Cytoplasmic Phagocytosis)
Vital Staining
60
____ of the living cell is resistant to vital stains and therefore is not demonstrated
nucleus
61
demonstration of **nuclear structures** during vital staining suggests permeability of the membrane by the dye, signifying?
death of the cell
62
Examples of vital stain
Trypan blue Janus Green B
63
vital stain of RES (Reticuloendothelial System)
Trypan blue
64
true vital staining of mitochondria
Janus Green B
65
done by **injecting** the dye into any part of the animal body producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the **reticuloendothelial system**
Intravital Staining
66
Commonly used intravital staining dye
Lithium India Ink Carmine
67
used to stain cells immediately after removal from the living body
Supravital Staining
68
Example of supravital staining dye
Neutral Red
69
probably the best vital dye
Neutral Red
70
makes use of heavy metals which are precipitated with selectivity of certain cellular and tissue components
Metallic Impregnation
71
has its greatest application in tissue from the **CNS** and for the demonstration of **reticulin**
Metallic Impregnation
72
Metallic Impregnation differs from staining because it consists of an
opaque black particulate precipitate
73
Examples of agent used for Metallic impregnation
Silver nitrate Osmium tetroxide
74
most commonly used agent for impregnation
Silver nitrate
75
used for demonstration of lipids.
Osmium tetroxide
76
are those obtained from plants and animals, previously utilized for dyeing of wool and cotton
Natural dyes
77
the most important and the most commonly used for routine histologic studies
Hematoxylin
78
a **vegetable dye** extracted from **lichens** which are normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produce blue or violet colors.
Orcein
79
Orcein are normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produce ______
blue or violet colors.
80
Mainly used for staining ELASTIC FIBERS
Orcein
81
an **old histologic dye** extracted from the female cochineal bug (**coccus cacti**)
Cochineal
82
plant with stigmas yielding a dye orange
Saffron
83
a plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye
Saffron
84
sometimes known as **coal tar dyes** since they were originally manufactured from substances that have been taken from coal tar
Synthetic dyes
85
Synthetic dyes are derived from the _____ and are collectively known as ____
hydrocarbon benzene, aniline dyes
86
A dye should consist of 2 substances
-Chromophores -Auxochromes
87
• Greek "color-bearers" • Substances capable of producing visible colors
Chromophores
88
Substances which impart to the compound property of **electrolytic dissociation**, thereby altering the shade of the dye, giving it the property of **forming salts** with another compound and ultimately retaining its color
Auxochromes
89
The introduction of a _____ into an ____ molecule will cause it to be colored, it will then be a chromogen, which is colored and not a dye
introduction of a chromogenic group into an uncolored molecule
90
For a chromogen to be a dye, it must be composed of an ___ and a ___, and therefore have **salt-forming** properties, ultimately retaining its color
acid and a base,
91
The **coloring property** is attributed to the ____ and the **dyeing property** to the ____
chromophore, salty forming auxochrome
92
A process of selective removal of excess dye
DIFFERENTIATION
93
If the dye is a basic one, differentiation is carried out by an
acid solution
94
DIFFERENTIATION is ____ TO ____ and ____ TO _____
BASIC TO ACIDIC & ACIDIC TO BASIC

Genpath Lec (3 decks)

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