Staining Sol'ns Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
are those obtained from plants and animals, previously utilized
for dyeing of wool and cotton
A
Natural Dyes
2
Q
Natural Dyes
A
- Hematoxylin
- Cochineal dyes and its derivatives
- Orcein
- Saffron
3
Q
are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6
), and are collectively
known as Aniline Dyes.
A
Synthetic dyes
4
Q
Synthetic dyes are sometimes known as
A
“Coal Tar Dyes”
5
Q
who discovered first aniline dye, MAUVE
A
William H. Perkin
6
Q
female cochineal bug scientific name
A
Coccus cacti
7
Q
cochineal dye is treated with _____ to produce the dye, ______
A
alum; carmine
8
Q
is widely used as a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and
smear preparations.
A
COCHINEAL DYES
9
Q
carmine when combined with picric acid, extensively used in neuropathological studies
A
picrocarmine
10
Q
carmine when combined with
aluminum chloride, it is used for the demonstration of
glycogen.
A
Best’s carmine stain
11
Q
is a vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are
normally colorless, but which, when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produce blue or violet colors.
A
Orcein
12
Q
It is a weak acid, is soluble in alkali, and is mainly used for staining elastic fibers.
A
orcein
13
Q
lichens, treated with lime and soda, and exposed to ammonia and air
A
Litmus
14
Q
Litmus not used as a cytological stain because of its poor staining property but used mainly as ___________
A
indicator
15
Q
a plant with orange stigma yielding a dye
A
Saffron
16
Q
saffron flower
A
Crocus sativus
17
Q
what is saffron recognized for
A
-bright yellow-orange hue
-distinct aroma
-unique taste
18
Q
______ is a natural dye derived by extraction from the core or the heartwood of a Mexican tree known as ______
A
Hematoxylin; Hematoxylin Campechianum
19
Q
-far the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist due to its powerful nuclear and chromatin staining capacity
-has striking polychrome properties which may be produced with proper differentiation
-may be used after almost
any fixative and is a permanent stain.
-is not a true basic dye
A
Hematoxylin
20
Q
Hematoxylin active coloring agent
A
Hematin
21
Q
hematin, which is formed by the oxidation of hematoxylin, a process known as
A
“ripening”
22
Q
are substances that combine with the tissue and the staining
solution, forming a “bridge” that allows staining reaction to take place
A
Mordants
23
Q
-are recommended for progressive staining of
tissues
-are usually counterstained with Eosin, Congo Red and Safranin.
-gives a blue lake
A
Alum hematoxylin stains
24
Q
process of converting the hematoxylin’s reddish purple color to blue
A
BLUEING
25
examples of BLUEING AGENTS
ammonia water, tap water
26
are used only for differential or regressive staining
Iron hematoxylin compounds
27
are utilized for the study of
spermatogenesis.
Copper hematoxylin solutions
28
The most commonly used staining system
Hematoxylin and Eosin
29
The two main alum hematoxylin solutions employed are
Ehrlich's hematoxylin and Harris
hematoxylin solutions
30
Rapid ripening of Ehrlich's reagent is brought about by
the addition of
sodium iodate
31
Ehrlich's alum hematoxylin's ripening takes about how long
2 months
32
natural ripening of Delafield's Hematoxylin
4-6 months
33
is widely used for routine nuclear staining, in
exfoliative cytology, and for staining of sex chromosomes.
Harris hematoxylin
34
Harris hematoxylin is ripened with
mercuric oxide
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are chemically ripened with sodium iodate
Ehrlich's hematoxylin and Mayer's Hematoxylin
36
One disadvantage of this hematoxylin is that it can be stored only for 3 to 6 months at the most.
Mayer's Hematoxylin
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is another alum hematoxylin solution recommended for
routine purposes, especially used in sequence with Celestine blue.
Cole's hematoxylin
38
Cole's hematoxylin is ripened with
alcoholic iodine solution
39
Carazzi's Hematoxylin and Gills' Hematoxylin is ripened with
potassium iodate
40
-stains mucin
-prevents formation of precipitate with ethylene glycol
-sensitive with acid
Gills' Hematoxylin
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differentiating agent of iron hematoxylin
Acid-Alcohol
42
Two main iron hematoxylin solutions are employed for routine work in the laboratory (used as mordants)
Weigert's Solution - using ferric ammonium chloride
Heidenhain's solution - using ferric ammonium sulfate (iron alum)
43
is the standard iron hematoxylin stain; demonstrating muscle fibers and connective tissues.
-particularly recommended when the preceding stains contain acid (e.g. Van
Gieson stain) which decolorizes nuclei stained with alum
hematoxylin.
Weigert's Solution
44
is a cytological stain recommended for regressive
staining of thin sections.
Heidenhain's Hematoxylin
45
It is utilized
for the demonstration of both nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions such as
chromatin, chromosomes, nucleoli, centrosomes, and mitochondria.
Heidenhain's Hematoxylin
46
It is a popular cytological stain, especially for the study of mitosis.
Heidenhain's Hematoxylin
47
used for demonstration of mitochondria by light microscopy
Regaud's Hematoxylin
48
using Ferric Ammonium Sulfate; used for demonstration of myelin; applied to paraffin, celloidin, and frozen sections
Loyez Hematoxylin
49
use for photomicrography
Verhoeff's Solution
50
causes an intense blue-black when used as a mordant
Ferric salt
51
are substances with definite atomic groupings and are
capable of producing visible colors.
"color bearer"
Chromophores
52
Simple benzene compounds which contain chromophores are known as
chromagens
53
These are different from the dyes in that any color that they impart to the tissue is not permanent and can, therefore,
be easily removed.
Chromophores
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an auxiliary radical or substance which imparts to the compound the property of electrolytic dissociation, thereby altering the shade of the dye, enabling it to form salts with another compound,
and ultimately retaining its color.
"color increaser"
auxochrome
55
is usually the sodium salt
of a sulfonate of rosaniline
inactive base of acid dyes
56
has the ability to form salt with an alkali.
picric acid (acid dye)
57
may be used both as an indicator and as a dye
methylene blue (basic dye)
58
are formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and
basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and
differentially
Neutral dyes
59
Examples of neutral dyes are
-Romanowsky dyes used in hematology
-Giemsa's stain
-Irishman's stain for leukocyte differentiation
60
-is the staining solution most commonly used for routine
histologic studies.
-can be considered as a basic dye (stains acidic)
Hematoxylin
61
is one of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm.
Eosin
62
Eosin is a red general cytoplasmic stain that combines with hemoglobin to give what color.
orange
63
-is the most commonly used Eosin.
-It is readily soluble in water,
less in alcohol, available in both aqueous and alcoholic solutions, showing a green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium.
Yellowish (Eosin Y)
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-eosin bluish or imperial red; it has a very faint bluish cast.
Eosin B
65
5% Aqueous Eosin Y FORMULA
*Eosin Y 5 gm
*Distilled water 100 ml
*Dissolve in water by gentle heating.
Cool and filter.
*Thymol crystals
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Eosin, Stock Alcoholic Solution
FORMULA
Eosin Y 1 gm
Distilled water 20 ml
95% alcohol 80 ml
67
eosin Y + phloxine B; contains Glacial Acetic Acid
Eosin-Phloxine B Solution
68
are all based on a combination of eosinate (chemically reduced eosin) and methylene blue (sometimes with its oxidation
products azure A and azure B)
Romanowsky Stains
69
Common variants of Romanowsky stains include
Wright's stain
Jenner's stain
Leishman stain
Giemsa stain
(Where would JeLly Go?)
70
H&E Staining Color: Cytoplasm and Proteins in Edema Fluid
Pale pink
71
H&E Staining Color: Decalcified bone, osteoid and collagen
Pink
72
H&E Staining Color: muscle fiber
deep pink
73
H&E Staining Color: RBC, eosinophilic granules, and keratin
bright orange - red
74
H&E Staining Color: calcium and calcified bone
purplish blue
75
H&E Staining Color: plasma cells, osteoblast, and basophilic granules
purplish pink
76
H&E Staining Color: karyosome
dark blue
77
H&E Staining Color: nucleus
blue - blue-black
78
H&E Staining Color: cartilage
light to dark blue
79
is a mixture of picric acid and
acid fuchsin for demonstration of connective tissues, mucin
and elastic tissue
Van Gieson’s Stain
80
-is a basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells, giving green fluorescence for DNA and a red fluorescence for RNA.
-is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination.
ACRIDINE ORANGE
81
For calcium salts and phosphatase activity
ACRIDINE RED 3B
82
Stain acid mucopolysaccharides ; More specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucin
ALCIAN BLUE
83
forms an orange-red lake with calcium at a pH of 4.2.
It works best with small amounts of calcium (such as in Michaelis-Gutman bodies)
ALIZARIN RED S
84
is a cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial
sections.
ANILINE BLUE
85
is a plasma stain utilized also for deep staining of acidfast organisms, for mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of picric acid.
BASIC FUCHSIN
86
is used for staining hemoglobin.
BENZIDINE
87
Use for staining diphtheria; Used as a contrast stain for Gram’s technique, acid fast and Papanicolaou method.
BISMARCK BROWN
88
is used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear
preparations
CARMINE
89
is a mordanted dye acting as a
basic dye and staining acidic substances.
CARMALUM (MAYER'S) SOLUTION
90
Recommended for routine staining of fixed sections
CELESTINE BLUE
91
- is best known as an indicator, but may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders in embryos.
- Used for staining elastic tissues, amyloid and
myelin (Krajian’s method)
CONGO RED
92
is commonly used in histology to stain nervous tissues.
CRESYL VIOLET
93
is a nuclear or chromatin stain used for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood.
CRYSTAL VIOLET
94
is the staining solution formed by the mixture of crystal violet, methyl violet and dexterin.
Gentian violet
95
consists of a mixture of methylene-blue and eosin, and it is used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes.
GIEMSA STAIN
96
is the stain used for metallic impregnation, made up of
gold chloride and mercuric chloride.
GOLD SUBLIMATE
97
the oldest of all stains, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules.
It stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and glycogen.
IODINE
98
is used to identify and differentiate bacteria.
Gram's Iodine
99
is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain
Lugol's iodine
100
is used for demonstrating mitochondria during intravital
staining.
JANUS GREEN B
101
-used for staining erythrocytes
-is a weakly basic dye used as a contrast stain for staining ascaris eggs and erythrocytes, and as a bacterial spore stain
-it is also used both as a decolorizer and as a counterstain.
MALACHITE GREEN
102
stains chromatin green in the presence of an acid.
METHYL GREEN
103
It is a valuable stain for plasma cells and may also be employed in cytological examinations of fresh sputum for malignant cells, as a bacterial
stain for evaluation and differentiation of bacterial organisms, for diagnosis of
diphtheria, and for vital staining of the nervous tissue.
METHYLENE BLUE
104
Used in frozen sections for rapid diagnosis
Loeffler’s Polychrome
Methylene Blue
105
is a dye that is more soluble in fat than in water or alcohols, hence it is used as a stain for neutral lipids.
OIL RED O
106
is an excellent stain for elastic fibers
ORCEIN
107
-is a selective stain for unsaturated lipids and for lipoproteins such as myelin, which it stains black.
-Used as a fixative; Used to stain fats
Osmic Acid
108
For observing cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cell
Neutral Red
109
Substitute for carbol fuchsin in acid-fast staining
Night Blue
110
is a common negative stain for viruses, nerves, polysaccharides, and other biological tissue materials. This is an ideal stain for the demonstration of striated muscle fibers and mitochondria, which
stain blue.
PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID
111
- Normally utilized for the manufacture of paints;
- Used as microanatomical contrast stain;
- For demonstration for the circulatory system by
injection (intravital staining)
PRUSSIAN BLUE
112
Used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and
glandular tissues
Rhodamine B
113
is a nuclear stain. It produces red nuclei, and is used primarily as a counterstain.
SAFRANIN
114
Used in identification of Spirochetes, reticulum, nervous tissues, and other fiber stains
Silver Nitrate
115
Recommended for staining of Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies; Nuclear stain for fixed tissues;
Used as a substitute for thionine in fresh tissue
sections
Toluidine Blue
116
For demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections
Victoria blue
117
causes blood cells to exhibit four major staining properties
that allow the cell types to be distinguished.
WRIGHT STAIN -
118
* is a stain that colors fat droplets black and is the most sensitive of the oil soluble dyes.
- Greatest affinity for phospholipids or neutral fats
(triglycerides)
- A more sensitive coloring agent than other lysochromes
- Should be discarded if the brownish black color
appeared.
- Demonstrates lipids that are resistant to paraffin
embedding
Sudan Black
119
- Recommended for neutral fats (triglycerides)
- Do not color phospholipids and fine lipid droplets
Sudan IV
120
- First Sudan dye introduced into Histochemistry
- Fat soluble
- A good stain for the CNS
Sudan III
