Standing Posture

Question 0

What type of posture is walking, running, and lifting?

Answer 0

Dynamic posture

Question 1

What type of posture is standing, sitting, lying, or kneeling?

Answer 1

Static posture

Question 2

What is the goal of posture?

Answer 2

Minimize energy and stress on supporting structures - can cause a lot of stress on the ligaments

Question 3

What is the definition of BOS?

Answer 3

Base of support - tip of heels to tip of toes

Question 4

What is the COM?

Answer 4

COG - center of body mass

Question 5

Does the COM change with movement?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What is the COM in adults?

Answer 6

Adults - S2

Question 7

What is the COM of children?

Answer 7

Higher than adults - 12th vertebrae

Question 8

What are reactive responses?

Answer 8

Responses to external perturbations - don’t know the movement is going to happen

Question 9

What are proactive responses?

Answer 9

Responses in anticipation - from past experiences - presetting your system because you know something is going to happen

Question 10

What are the normal ranges for sway and in what planes?

Answer 10

Sagittal plane - 16 degrees (total)

Frontal plane - 12 degrees (total)

Question 11

What are inputs regarding maintaining posture?

Answer 11

Vision, vestibular, and proprioception

Question 12

How much of input is visual?

Answer 12

80%

Question 13

What are outputs regarding maintaining posture?

Answer 13

Muscle output and muscle sequencing

Question 14

If you weight shift posteriorly on your heels, what muscles are working?

Answer 14

TA and abdominals

Question 15

If you weight shift anteriorly on your toes, what muscles are working?

Answer 15

Gastroc

Question 16

What are the three ground reaction forces?

Answer 16

Vertical component (Fy) and two horizontal components (Fx and Fz)

Question 17

What is COP?

Answer 17

Center of pressure - between feet in bilateral stance and in foot in unilateral stance

Question 18

Describe the line of gravity if it passes through the axis of rotation.

Answer 18

No gravitational torque and minimal muscle activity

Question 19

Describe the line of gravity if it is a distance from the axis.

Answer 19

Causes rotation of body segments, requires muscle activation to counterbalance, and there are both flexion and extension moments

Question 20

What causes a flexion moment?

Answer 20

LOG lies posterior to the axis - segment above is forced posteriorly

Question 21

What causes an extension moment?

Answer 21

LOG lies anterior to the axis - segment above forced anteriorly

Question 22

If the axis is moved posterior, what happens to the femur?

Answer 22

Femur wants to move posterior and it causes flexion

Question 23

If the axis is moved anterior, what happens to the femur?

Answer 23

Femur wants to move anteriorly and it causes hyperextension

Question 24

What muscles are stretched out with knee hyperextension?

Answer 24

Posterior muscles

Question 25

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the ankle?

Answer 25

Neutral - anterior to the lateral malleolus

Question 26

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the knee?

Answer 26

Full extension - anterior to axis of the joint

Question 27

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the hip and pelvis?

Answer 27

Neutral pelvis - posterior to axis of hip joint

Question 28

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the lumbar and SIJ?

Answer 28

Lumbar: through L5 - anterior shear of L5 on S1 SIJ: anterior to joint which causes a nutation force

Question 29

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the each vertebrae?

Answer 29

Cervical - posterior which causes an extension moment Thoracic - anterior which causes a flexion moment Lumbar - posterior which causes an extension moment

Question 30

Where does the plumb line fall in the lateral view with regards to the head?

Answer 30

Through the external auditory meatus, over COM, and anterior to the axis of rotation

Question 31

What is shortened in sway back posture?

Answer 31

Hamstrings, lumbar extensors, cervical extensors (suboccipitals) and pec minor

Question 32

What is stretched in sway back posture?

Answer 32

Hip flexors, neck flexors, rhomboids, lower traps, levator scap, and anterior cervical muscles

Question 33

What is shortened in flat back posture?

Answer 33

Hamstrings

Question 34

What is stretched in flat back posture?

Answer 34

Hip flexors

Question 35

What is shortened in kyphosis-lordosis posture?

Answer 35

Neck extensors and hip flexors

Question 36

What is stretched in kyphosis-lordosis posture?

Answer 36

Neck flexors, hamstrings, and possibly the rectus abdmoninis

Question 37

What happens if the knee is hyperextended?

Answer 37

Posterior capsule is stretched and quad activity is decreased

Question 38

What happens if the knee is flexed?

Answer 38

Increased quad activity: - 22% maximum voluntary contraction at 15* of flexion - 51% maximum voluntary contraction at 30* of flexion

Question 39

Where does the LOG fall if the knee is extended?

Answer 39

Anterior to the joint axis

Question 40

What does a PPT cause at the L/S?

Answer 40

Straightening of the L/S

Question 41

What does a APT cause?

Answer 41

Increase anterior sheer, increase T/S kyphosis, and an increase in C/S lordosis

Question 42

What are two types of thoracic kyphosis and what do they cause?

Answer 42

1. Dowager's hump 2. Gibbus deformity Cause an increase in anterior compression

Question 43

What does forward head posture cause?

Answer 43

Increase C/S lordosis, increase compression on the facets, and increase extensor muscle activity

Question 44

Describe the plumb line in the AP view.

Answer 44

Middle of head, along spine, middle of knees, and middle of feet

Question 45

What is pes planus?

Answer 45

Flat foot - reduced arch

Question 46

What is a rigid reduced arch?

Answer 46

No change in non-weightbearing

Question 47

What is a flexible reduced arch?

Answer 47

Flat foot in weight bearing

Question 48

How is the talus displaced with pes planus?

Answer 48

Anteriorly

Question 49

What is stretched with pes planus?

Answer 49

Spring ligament and tibialis posterior

Question 50

What is pes cavus?

Answer 50

High arch

Question 51

How is weight bearing distributed in pes cavus?

Answer 51

Laterally

Question 52

Do people with pes cavus have good or poor shock absorption?

Answer 52

Poor

Question 53

What condition is referred to as "too many toes"?

Answer 53

Pes planus

Question 54

What are two conditions associated with pes planus?

Answer 54

Plantar fascitis and medial ankle pain

Question 55

Describe claw toes.

Answer 55

Hyperextension of MTP, flexion of PIP, flexion of DIP, and reduced BOS

Question 56

Describe hammer toes.

Answer 56

Hyperextension of MTP, flexion of PIP, hyperextension of DIP, and weak extensors and lumbricals

Question 57

Describe knee varum.

Answer 57

Bow legged, compression medially, and distraction laterally

Question 58

Describe knee valgum.

Answer 58

Distraction medially, compression laterally, and promotes lateral displaced patella, calcaneal eversion, and pronation

Question 59

How do you test leg length discrepancy?

Answer 59

Place book under one foot