Statecraft and Digital Diplomacy

Question 1

? (200?)

• ? diplomacy is a ?war ?, associated with ? activities, ? relations, and fostering ? sector
• ? diplomacy manages ?, and ? ? to advance interests
• The ? on ?, for example, is driving a relationship between ?, ?, and public

Answer 1

Gregory (2008)

• Public diplomacy is a cold war mechanic, associated with broadcasting activities, cultural relations, and fostering private sector
• Public diplomacy manages relationships, and influences opinions to advance interests
• The War on terror, for example, is driving a relationship between government, media, and public

Question 2

? (200?)

• Just as ? allowed expansion in the 16th C, ? underpinned empire in the 19thC, and ?, ? and Tv formed international relations in the 20th, the ? is dominating communication in the 21st
• The ? diaspore is regularly ?, ?, and commented on via the ? by the state and citizens
• The ? is the ? part of a nation’s critical ?, such as ? cyber ? grinding ? and ? to a halt in 200?

Answer 2

Westcott (2008)

• Just as ships allowed expansion in the 16th C, telegraph underpinned empire in the 19thC, and plane, radio and Tv formed international relations in the 20th, the internet is dominating communication in the 21st
• The Armenian diaspore is regularly protested, connected, and commented on via the internet by the state and citizens
• The internet is the vulnerable part of a nation’s critical infrastructure, such as Estonian cyber attack grinding state and business to a halt in 2007

Question 3

?boa (200/)

• ? diplomacy studies has many focused on the ?
• ? programmes are designed to achieve ? coverage in the ?, in a ? way

Answer 3

Gilboa (2008)

• Public diplomacy studies has many focused on the USA
• PR programmes are designed to achieve favourable coverage in the media, in a misleading way

Question 4

? (200?)

- ? diplomacy is based on complex relations between ?, ?, and ? opinion

Answer 4

Soroka (2003)

- Public diplomacy is based on complex relations between state, media, and public opinion

Question 5

? (200?)

• ? diplomacy involves the ? of ? and ?.
• ? diplomacy by ? in the ? is received ? by the US media

Answer 5

Zhang (2006)

• public diplomacy involves the negotiations of symbols and meaning.
• Public diplomacy by China in the USA is received negatively by the US media

Question 6

? (200?_

• States that fail to forge a ?, and export it via ? ?, will fail in the 21st C
• ? forged ‘Cool ?’ to promote the Uk as ?

Answer 6

Ham (2002_

• States that fail to forge a narrative, and export it via public diplomacy, will fail in the 21st C
• Blair forged ‘Cool Britannia’ to promote the Uk as creative

Question 7

? (200?)

• ? diplomacy draws attention to potential ?
• Not always positive: ? ? diplomacy may fail to exert ? power in ? countries, where ? is filmed as negative

Answer 7

Nye (2008)

• Public diplomacy draws attention to potential resources
• Not always positive: Hollywood cultural diplomacy may fail to exert soft power in arab countries, where Islam is filmed as negative

Question 8

? and Small (200?)

• difference in ? and ? diplomacy is that the public has broader ?, and broader set of ? than small ?
• ? used to be a strategic ? location during ? War. Now uses ? sector company, ? ?, to become an effective digital outreach, with ? that have ? winning ?

Answer 8

Leonard and Small (2003)

• difference in public and traditional diplomacy is that the public has broader numbers, and broader set of interests than small elites
• Norway used to be a strategic NATO location during Cold War. Now uses private sector company, Innovation Norway, to become an effective digital outreach, with embassies that have award winning websites

Question 9

? (201?)

• > , and ? bodies can involve ? repression
• ? gov-backed block of ? sites, began to block ? ? webistes
• ? blocked ?, and then blocked pages relating to ? ?
• ? blocks porn, but justified blocking nearly every website it wants as porn

Answer 9

Diebert (2010)

• Porn, and women’s bodies can involve digital repression
• Thailand gov-backed block of porn sites, began to block politically opposing webistes
• Pakistan blocked porn, and then blocked pages relating to Balochistan indepndence
• Uzabekistan blocks porn, but justified blocking nearly every website it wants as porn

Question 10

?rson and ? (201?)

• ? allowed ? voting in 200?
• ? 200? law allows state to ? ? activities to prevent ?

Answer 10

Rogerson and Miltion (2010)

• Estonia allowed online voting in 2007
• Singapore 2003 law allows state to monitor online activities to prevent criminalty

Question 11

Mc? (200?)

- Pacific ? marginalised during the War on ? (not all ambassadors ? and important)

Answer 11

McNamara (2009)

- Pacific ambassadors marginalised during the War on Terror (not all ambassadors elite and important)

Question 12

? (201?)

• ?’s civilisation clash, however true it is, was an unpopular ? ?
• US-UK alliance, from ? Germany, involved the ? unity of the states; ? ? compared to other states

Answer 12

Dittmer (2014)

• Huntington’s civilisation clash, however true it is, was an unpopular meta narrative
• US-UK alliance, from Nazi Germany, involved the digital unity of the states; uneven diplomacy compared to other states

Question 13

? (201?)

• ? ? educational ? diplomacy, since post-war, were renewed in 200? with ? and ?
• Similar to ? educational programme’s aim

Answer 13

Bette (2015)

• American Fulbright educational cultural diplomacy, since post-war, were renewed in 2003 with Afghanistan and Iraq
• Similar to Chinese educational programme’s aim?

Question 14

? (200?)

• ? diplomacy key tools driven by ? opinion, and influence of ?
• UK ? effective ? diplomacy through the British ? ?, focusing on ? exchange
• From ? propaganda, to Rwanadan ? ?, idea that ? can influence ?
• Western media like ? and ? were forms of ? ? against the ?

Answer 14

Pahlavi (2007)

• Public diplomacy key tools driven by public opinion, and influence of media
• UK evaluates effective public diplomacy through the British council’s scoreboard, focusing on student exchange
• From Nazi propaganda, to Rwanadan Hate Rado, idea that media can influence events
• Western media like MTV and Hollywood were forms of public diplomacy against the USSR

Question 15

? (201?)

- ? diplomacy in ? ? fail to come across as ?, selectively allowing ?, and trying to influence ? of ?

Answer 15

Khakimova (2013)
- Public diplomacy in arab embassies fail to come across as democratic, selectively allowing reporters, and trying to influence direction of dialogue

Question 16

? (201?)

• ? allows ? diplomacy to sustain relationships between many different actors
• ? ? during the last election were ? for poor ? ? conversation
• ? media provide ? and ? with ? ? forms of communication

Answer 16

Strauss (2015)

• Twtitplomacy allows public diplomacy to sustain relationships between many different actors
• UK politicians during the last election were criticised for poor Social media conversation
• Social media provide embassies and ambassadors with low cost forms of communication

Question 17

?man (200?)

- ? media opens opportunities for ? diplomacy by engaging with ? ? across national ?

Answer 17

Glassman (2008)

- Social media opens opportunities for public diplomacy by engaging with specific audiences across national borders

Question 18

? (201?)

- ? ? Team of the US state, work Facebook and twitter to directly engage with ?

Answer 18

Khoury (2015)

- Digital Outreach Team of the US state, work Facebook and twitter to directly engage with critics

Question 19

? (201?)

• ? is at the heart of ? ?
• ? organisations use ? media to ? ideas; western ? diplomacy seeks to engage with ? ?, since the ? admin

Answer 19

Hallamas (2010)

• Internet is at the heart of digital diplomacy
• Terrorist organisations use social media to communicate ideas; western public diplomacy seeks to engage with young muslims, since the Obama admin

Question 20

? et al (201?)

- ? embassy in ? has successful digital outreach for using ? language

Answer 20

Huxley et al (2014)

- Finnish embassy in Japan has successful digital outreach for using japanese language

Question 21

? (201?)

• ? diplomacy may be ?, without the need for both sides to ?; or active, like ? conversations
• > social media far more active than the ?,

Answer 21

Vadura (2015)

• Digital diplomacy may be passive, without the need for both sides to interact; or active, like Twitter conversations
• USA social media far more active than the UK,

Question 22

El-? (201?)

• ? ? operations broadcast via ? media, have cut out ? outlets to connect directly to citizens
• US ? invested in researching power of ? media, following the ? ?
• US ? refers to ?st C ? as ? breaking down ? in order to ?

Answer 22

El-Khairy (2012)

• Israeli military operations broadcast via social media, have cut out media outlets to connect directly to citizens
• US military invested in researching power of social media, following the Arab Spring
• US state refers to 21st C statecraft as technology breaking down barriers in order to connect

Question 23

?tour (201?):

- ? used ? interaction to ensure the ? conedemmed Israaeli ? ?

Answer 23

Wintour (2016):

- UK used informal interaction to ensure the UN conedemmed Israaeli settlement building

Question 24

?man (201?):

- ? ? death in ? was treated with shock: do we give ? greater importance

Answer 24

Sharman (2016):

- Greek ambassador death in Brazil was treated with shock: do we give diplomats greater importance

Question 25

? (201?): Boris Johnson told ? ? that he in fact supports ? ?; ? ? interactions

Answer 25

Mortimer (2016): Boris Johnson told EU amassadors that he in fact supports fre movement; informal elite interactions

Question 26

? (201?) | - ? ?-crime bill in 201? will be used to crack down on ? ?

Answer 26

Shah (2016) | - Pakistan cyber-crime bill in 2016 will be used to crack down on online dissent

Question 27

Al ? #? allows public to engage with ? ?

Answer 27

Al Jeezera’s #NewsGrid allows public to engage with team directly

Question 28

?man (201?): | -CIA claims ? hacking of ? would be political equiviliant of?

Answer 28

Sharman (2016): | -CIA claims Russian hacking of election would be political equiviliant of 9/11

Question 29

? (201?): - Through ? programmes ? diplomacy, ? seeks to use ? power to down play its aggressive ? increase, to the international community

Answer 29

Harper (2016): - Through educational programmes public diplomacy, China seeks to use soft power to down play its aggressive military increase, to the international community

Question 30

?ing (201?) - ? have recommended legally banning ? attacks against ? ?…. - in 201?, after ? and ? agreed not to exploit one another’s secrets, ? attacks from? decreased

Answer 30

Denning (2016) - UN have recommended legally banning cyber attacks against critical infrastructure…. - in 2015, after US and China agreed not to exploit one another’s secrets, cyber attacks from China decreased

Question 31

?ish (2017) - ? has seen increase in ? news, worry of ? influencing ?. - ? relies on well ? people and strong state ? machine to create ? ?… - for example, informing citizens about an ‘? war’ in 201

Answer 31

Standish (2017) - Finland has seen increase in fake news, worry of Russia influencing elections. - Finland relies on well educated people and strong state propaganda machine to create positive narratives… - for example, informing citizens about an ‘information war’ in 2015