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Chemistry Paper 3 > States Of Matter And Mixtures > Flashcards

States Of Matter And Mixtures Flashcards

1
Q

States of matter
Particle theory =models the states of matter , with particles described as hard spheres

Solid:
-close together regular pattern
-vibrate about fixes position
Least stored energy

Liquid:

  • close together ransom
  • move around each other
  • far apart random
  • fast in all directions
  • most stored energy

State changes
=interconversions between states of matter

Gas to liquid =condensing 
Liquid to gas =evaporating /boiling 
Gas to solid 
Solid to gas 
Liquid to solid
Solid to liquid
A

What does particle theory model ?

Describe the properties of a solid liquid and gas
Describe all the state changes

What does melting point mean
What does boiling point mean
When does a substance evaporate?

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2
Q

Pure substances and mixtures

A

What is an element
What is a compound
What does pure mean
What does a pure substance contain what is air a mix of

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3
Q

Distillation

Simple distillation

A

What is used to separate liquids from mixtures

What can you use simple distillation to separate ?

What can you use fractional distilliation
To separate

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4
Q

Filtration and crystallisation

A

What is filtration

What so crystilisation

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5
Q

Paper chromatography

A

Why is paper chromatography use for a

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6
Q

Investigating ink

A

How can you investigate the composition of inks
What is simple distillation
What can you use it for
Describe it

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7
Q

Drinking water

Portable water must have:

Fresh water can come from reservoirs , lakes and rivers .its likely to contain:

Stages in water treatment:

Safe but not pure

Sea water and distillation

Evaluating distillation

A

What is waste water and group c water treated to make ?

Describe what portable drinking water must have
Describe what fresh water can come form and what it’s likely to contain

Is water a pure substance 
What does it contain 
Are these advantages or disadvantages 
What are advantages of simple distillation of sea water 
What are the disadvantages of this
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8
Q

Acids and alkalis

You can recognise acids and alkalis by their effects on indicator solutions

Acids:

Alkalis :

The pH scale

A

How can you recognise acids or alkalis

What is an acid 
Describe its properties 
What is an alkali 
Describe its properties 
What does the pH scale show 
Describe the pH scale
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9
Q

Bases and alkalis
An alkalu is a soluble base ~one that will dissolve in water

Reactions of acids with bases
A base is
Any substance that reacfs with an acid to form a salt and water only

Bases are metal oxides and metal hydroxides

Naming salys
A salt forma wheb hydrogeb ions in an acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions

Reactive metals reacts with acids yo produce a salt and hydron only
Metal carbonates react with acids to produce a salt,water and carbon dioxixd
Neutralisation~ a reactooks between an acid and a base

A

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10
Q

Making insoluble salts
Soluble
All common sodium,pottasiun and ammonium salts
All nitrates.
Common chlorides
Commob sulfates
Sodium hydroxide,pottasium hydroxide,ammonium hydroxide

Sodium carbonate ,pottasium carbonate ,ammonium carbonate

Insoluble

Silver chloride 
Lead chloride
Lead sulfate
Barium sulfate 
Calcium sulfate 
Common hydroxides 
Common carbonates
A

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11
Q

Electrolysis

~used to decompise ionic compounds in the molten state or dissolved state ik water

Electroyte
An ionic compound witch electrical energy from a direct current supply,decomposes an.electrolyte

Anions are:
Negatively charged ions that move to the positive electrode (anode)
Cations:
Positively charged ions that moge yo the negatively charged elctrode (cathode)

A

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12
Q

Electrolysing solutions
Ions in a solution
Water is a covalenr compound.some of its molecukes naturally forn ions

The presence of these ions means that a solution of an ionic compound contains:

Cations and anions fron the dissolved ionic.compound

Competing ions
During electrolysis of an aqueous solution all the ions in the elctrolyte compete to be discharged
1.hydrogen gas is produced if H+ ions are discharged
2.oxygen gas is produced if OH- ions are discharged
A

A

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13
Q

The reactivity series
Reactioks with water
Hydrogen is produced if a metal reacts with water

Reactions with acids
Hydrogeb is produced if a netal reacts with a dilute acid

Some reactive metals reacts unexpecetedly slowly with wtaer or acids

A reactivity series shows elements arranged in order of their reactivity

A

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14
Q

Metal displacement reactions
Displacement
A more reactivr metal will displace a less reactive one from its salts to its solution

A

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15
Q

Explaining metal reacitivity
Forming cations
Metal atoms lose electrons to form cations ~positively charged ions

Metal atoms form cations when metals react with water water or dilute acid

Displacement reactions involve oxidation and reduction

The atoms of the more reactive metal are oxidised~they gain oxygen
The oxide of the less reactive metal is reduced~it loses oxygen

A

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16
Q

Metal ores
Most metals are extracted by the reduction are found in the earths crust

Ores~rocks contain metals or their compounds
An ore is a rock that contains enough of a metal to make its extraction economical

Unreactive metals such as gold ate placed at the bottom of the reactivity series

A

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17
Q

Iron and aluminium
Most metals are extracted by the reduction of ores found in the earths crust

Iron extraction
Iron is less reactive than carbon so it is produced by reducing iron.oxide using carbkb .the this happends in industrail equipmeny called a blast furnance

Alumium extraction
Aluminiun is more reactive than carbon oxide in an electrolytic cell

A

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18
Q

Recycling metals
Rather than extracting them from ores has economic implications
It can also preserve the environmeng and the supply of limited raw materials

Extracting metals from their ores
Has disadvantges 
Uses up limited resources 
Uses a lot if energy.
Damages the environment
Recycling metals has advantges 
Metal ores will last longer 
Less energy is needed
Fewer quarries and mines are needed 
Less noise and dust are produced
Less land is needed
A

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19
Q

Life cycle assesments

Cradle to grave
A LCA of a product is a ‘cradle to grave’ analysis of its impact on the environment including these stages

  1. obtaining raw materials
  2. manufacturing the product
  3. using the product
  4. disposing of the product
A

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20
Q

The haber process

Reversible reactions
Chemical reactions are reversible
The direction of some reversible reactions can be altered by changing the reaction conditions

A

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Chemistry Paper 3 (3 decks)

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