statistical concepts and methods in research

Question 1

Accuracy

Answer 1

The degree of closeness between a measurement and its true value.

Question 2

Apparency

Answer 2

clear, understandable representation of the data

Question 3

Bell curve

Answer 3

A frequency distribution statistics. Normal distribution is shaped like a bell.

Question 4

Case Study

Answer 4

a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. it relies on observations, facts and experiments to gather information

Question 5

Control Group

Answer 5

A group in an experiment that receives not treatment in order to compare the treated group against a norm.

Question 6

Correlation

Answer 6

is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It’s a common tool for describing simple relationships without making a statement about cause and effect.

Question 7

Data

Answer 7

Recorded observations, and information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings.

Question 8

Credibility

Answer 8

A researcher’s ability to demonstrate that the object of a study is accurately identified and described , based on the way in which the study was conducted

Question 9

Deductive

Answer 9

A form of reasoning in which conclusions are formulated about particulars from general or universal premises

Question 10

Dependability

Answer 10

refers to the degree of consistency, reliability, and stability of findings and interpretations throughout the research process.

Question 11

Design Flexibility

Answer 11

a form of design which allows for interim feedback that may change the course of a trial or experiment. It’s sometimes used synonymously with adaptive design.

Question 12

Deviation

Answer 12

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean. the distance from the center point

Question 13

Empirical Research

Answer 13

based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Question 14

Experiment

Answer 14

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

Question 15

Factor Analysis

Answer 15

A statistical test that explores relationships among data. The test explores which variables in a data set are most related to each other. In a carefully constructed survey.

Question 16

Hypothesis

Answer 16

a concept or idea that you test through research and experiments. In other words, it is a prediction that is can be tested by research

Question 17

Independent Variable

Answer 17

aren’t affected by any other variables that the study measures(ie. age, size, weight).

Question 18

Inductive

Answer 18

a method in which the researcher collects and analyzes data to develop theories, concepts, or hypotheses based on patterns and observations seen in the data.

Question 19

Interviews

Answer 19

Research tool in which a researcher asks questions of participants; often audio-video taped for later transcription and analysis.

Question 20

Irrelevant Information

Answer 20

One must decide what to do with the information in the text that is not coded. Options include either deleting or skipping over unwanted materia, or viewing all information and using it to reexamine, reassess or even alter one’s coding scheme.

Question 21

Kinesics

Answer 21

Analysis that examines what is communicated through body movement. the interpretation of body communication such as facial expressions and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

Question 22

Mean

Answer 22

also known as the average, is the total sum of values in a sample divided by the number of values in your sample.

Question 23

Narrative Inquiry

Answer 23

records the experiences of an individual or small group, revealing the lived experience or particular perspective of that individual, usually primarily through interview which is then recorded and ordered into a chronological narrative.

Question 24

Parameter

Answer 24

It refers to the characteristics that are used to define a given population. It is used to describe a specific characteristic of the entire population.

Question 25

Phenomenology

Answer 25

a form of qualitative research, which looks in-depth at non-numerical data and uses interviews and observation notes. Examples include interviewing families and parents, talking to kids, and looking for patterns in a message.

Question 26

Population

Answer 26

Target group under investigation. The entire set is under consideration.

Question 27

Probability

Answer 27

chance that a phenomenon has of occurring randomly. A statistical measure, it is shown as the p (“p” factor)

Question 28

Qualitative Research

Answer 28

involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. is used to understand people’s beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behavior, and interactions.Case study, observation, and ethnography are all considered forms of this type of research. Results are not considered generalizable, but often transferable.

Question 29

Quantitative Research

Answer 29

involves analyzing and gathering numerical data to uncover trends, calculate averages, evaluate relationships, and derive overarching insights.

Question 30

Random Sampling

Answer 30

Process used in research to draw a sample population strictly by chance, yielding no discernible pattern beyond chance.

Question 31

Randomization

Answer 31

a process in research where participants are assigned to groups at random, with each participant having an equal chance of being assigned to any group. it is a fundamental part of scientific research methodology and is used in human clinical trials and other biological experiments.

Question 32

Selective Randomization

Answer 32

a method of randomizing within certain groups to ensure that a variable is distributed equally.

Question 33

Standard Deviation

Answer 33

tells you how spread out the data is. It is a measure of how far each observed value is from the mean.

Question 34

Survey

Answer 34

an activity in which many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to gather information about what most people do or think about something

Question 35

Unique case orientation

Answer 35

is a research method that assumes each case is unique and special. The first level of analysis is to be true to, respect, and capture the details of the individual cases being studied. This is especially necessary for doing cultural comparisons.

Question 36

Validity

Answer 36

is the degree to which a method measures what it is intended to measure, and how well the results represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study.

Question 37

Variable

Answer 37

Observable characteristics that vary among individuals.

Question 38

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 38

is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It’s a common tool for describing simple relationships without making a statement about cause and effect.

Question 39

Reliability Coefficient

Answer 39

A number between zero and one that represents how consistent and dependable a test is. The higher the number is the more reliable it is.

Question 40

Standard Error of Measurement

Answer 40

An estimate of the variation in test scores that might occur due to an error in measurements . Helps determine the reliability of the test scores.

Question 41

Stanine

Answer 41

Method of transforming individual test scores into a 9 point scale. Makes it simpler to compare scores among groups.

Question 42

T-Scores

Answer 42

statistical method for analyzing probability. It’s also known as a t-value.

Question 43

Variance

Answer 43

How much data points in a set of data differs from the average (mean). A higher number means the data points are more spread out from the mean. While a lower number means the data points are closer to the mean.

Question 44

z-scores

Answer 44

How many deviations a given data point lies above or below the mean.