Statistics Flashcards
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Quota sampling
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sample selected based on a specific criteria e.g. age group
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Stratified sampling
A stratified sample is one that ensures that subgroups (strata) of a given population are each adequately represented within the whole sample population of a research.
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What are the five UK weather stations and where are they located?
Leuchars: town in Scotland
Leeming: village in North Yorkshire
Heathrow: hamlet in Greater London
Hurn: village in Dorest (South West England)
Camborne: town in Cornwall (South West England)
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What are the three overseas weather stations and where are they located?
Beijing: capital city of China
Perth: capital city of Western Australia (state of Australia)
Jacksonville: city in Florida (state of USA)
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Time periods
Time periods: May to October 1987 and May to October 2015.
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What is daily mean temperature measured in?
°C
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Daily total sunshine
Hours (hrs)
The amount of bright sunshine recorded on the day of entry.
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Daily maximum relative humidity
(%)
The relative humidity is a measure of how close the air is to being saturated with water vapour. Relative humidities of above 95% are associated with mist and fog.
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Daily Mean Windspeed and Daily Maximum Gust Knots (kn)
1 knot = 1.15mph.
The speed of the wind is also categorised according to the Beaufort scale: a discrete 13 point scale from 0 (Calm) to 12 (Hurricane). In the data set we have: Light (Beaufort Scale 1 – 3), Moderate (Beaufort Scale 4) and Fresh (Beaufort Scale 5).
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Daily Mean Wind Direction and Daily Maximum Gust Direction
Degrees from true north (°) Direction of 180 degrees means the wind is blowing from the south. These are also listed as cardinal directions (eg. NE).
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Cloud cover
Measured in eighths (Oktas).
Discrete 9 point scale from 0 (completely clear) to 8 (completely overcast).
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Pressure
Hectopascals (hPa) 1 hPa = 100 Pa
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Visibility
Decametres (Dm) 1 Dm = 10 m
Visibility is defined as the greatest distance at which an object can be seen and recognised in daylight. A dash indicates data not available. When cleaning data these should be removed.
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N/A’s
A reading which is not available is listed as ‘n/a’. When cleaning data these should be removed.
The total daily total sunshine, mean windspeed and maximum gust is unknown for the first half of May 1987 for the UK cities.
The three international cities only contain data for:
Daily mean temperature, daily total rainfall, daily mean pressure and daily mean windspeed.
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Consider which locations are near a coast
Jacksonville, Perth, Camborne, Hurn, Leuchars are near the coast
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Discrete data
Can only take specific, separate values (often whole numbers)
There are gaps between possible values.
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Continuous data
Can take any value within a range.
You measure it, and it can have decimals or fractions.
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The great storm
The great storm of 1987 happened 15-16 October in UK
The wind speeds were high at this time
The south and south-east of England was affected
This will skew some variables (wind/gust/rainfall)
This won't have much impact some variables (sunshine/cloud cover)
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SD and linear coding
SD is not affected by linear coding
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