Statistics Flashcards
Achievement test
WHAT - Assessment designed to measure an individuals knowledge or previous learning. Academic settings
WHY- Standardized measure to compare individuals or groups
EX- Wechsler individual Achievement test (WIAT) to test learning disabilities
ANOVA
WHAT- Compares three or more experimental groups at a time by analyzing the variation between groups
WHY- determining if there is statistical significance
EX- Comparing effectiveness of various therapies
Aptitude test
WHAT- Test that measures a person’s potential to learn specific skills or gain knowledge in particular area. Education and career counseling
WHY- help predict future performance
EX- SAT
Clinical vs statistical significance
WHAT - Clinical = meaningful and applicable to real life. Statistical = not based on random chance
WHY- informed decision making
EX- Clinical = medication improves daily functioning of someone with depression; statistical = study found that mew therapy reduced depression symptoms
Construct Validity
WHAT - Accurately measures the concept its intended to assess
WHY- reliable and valuable insights
EX- new anxiety inventory
Content Validity
WHAT - Test accurately and comprehensively represents the subject matter. Ensures it covers all aspects of the construct
WHY - Ensures tests are fair and representative of the subject
EX- math exam
Correlation vs causation
WHAT - Correlation = one variable is associated with changes in the other (ice cream and drowning). Causation = one variable directly influences or causes changes in the other. Experiments (smoking causes an increase in risk for lung cancer)
WHY- Guides interventions
Dependent t test
WHAT - Compares the means of two related groups to determine if there is a statistically significant different (matched paired or repeated measures)
WHY - Impacts of an intervention on the same participant over time
EX- anxiety scores pre and post CBT treatment
Descriptive vs Inferential statistics
WHAT - Descriptive = main aspects of the sample data without inferring to a larger population (central tendencies) (average test score)
Inferential = used to make predictions or inferences about the larger population based on a smaller sample (make predictions on voting behavior)
WHY- important for analyzing data
Effect size
WHAT - Quantifies the magnitude of the relationship between variables or groups
WHY - Helps determine practical significance
EX- Comparing two therapies, seeing if one is more effective than another
Independent t-tests
WHAT- Compare the means of two unrelated groups
WHY- Testing hypothesis and comparing interventions
EX- comparing the effectiveness of two different treatments for anxiety (each treatment applied to a different group of participants )
Internal consistency
WHAT - Extent to which items on a test consistently measure the same ability or trait
WHY - valid and trustworthy results of assessments
EX- In a depression scale, all questions intended to measure depressive symptoms should yield similar scores
Interrater reliability
WHAT- Measures the degree of agreement between independent raters or evaluators
WHY- indicates consistency and reliability
EX- Assessing the severity of a patients depression, multiple clinicians might rate the symptoms and if their ratings are consistent then interrater reliability is high
Measures of central tendency
WHAT - The “averages” used to summarize a data set by identifying the central or typical value (Mean, median, mode)
WHY - Better understanding of the data, inferences to be made about trends
EX - studying the frequency of BPD patients intentionally skipping their medication
Measures of variability
WHAT - Used to describe the spread or dispersion of a dataset (range, variance, SD)
WHY - Assessing reliability and predictability of data
EX - assessing math scores, using SD can see who the outliers are and who is struggling or excelling
Nominal/Ordinal/Interval/Ratio measurements
WHAT- For data collection and analysis
Nominal - categorical data
Ordinal - used for data that is ranked
Interval - based on some underlying continuum where intervals are equal, but lack an absolute zero
Ratio - features of interval scale with a true zero
WHY- Understanding is crucial to selecting appropriate statistical methods
EX- interval scale = temperature
Norm referenced scoring/testing
WHAT - Test takers performance is compared to predefined population to assess where the individual stands relative to others
WHY - helps identify students placement and strengths and weaknesses
EX- SAT and GRE
Normal curve
WHAT - Represents a symmetrical distribution around the mean
WHY - important for interpreting test scores
EX - IQ scores
Objective tests
WHAT - Assessments that consist of items with specific correct answers. Unbiased, non-subjective, with clear direct questions
WHY - reliable and reproducible results
EX - multiple choice, true false
Probability
WHAT- How likely a result is to be true
WHY - Key in hypothesis testing to decide if findings are due to chance
EX - Testing a new teaching method
Projective tests
WHAT- Assessments used to uncover unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motives by interpreting responses to ambiguous stimuli and open ended tasks
WHY- Unique insights into a persons internal world
EX- Rorschachs Inkblot test
Parametric vs nonparametric statistical analyses
WHAT -
WHY -
EX-
Regression
WHAT - Predicts the value of a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables
WHY- Used to make predictions and understand the relationship between variables
EX- predict a students future academic success based on factors like study time, prior grades, and ses
Types of reliability
WHAT - Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement tool or assessment. Test-retest, parallel forms, internal consistency, and Interrater
WHY- Provides reliable tools for accurate and dependable diagnosis treatment planning and outcome evaluation
EX- Developed a test that will examine preferences for different types of vocational programs - test-restest, test in September and again in June and correlate
