Stats

Question 1

Sub-collection of members selected from a population

Answer 1

Sample

Question 2

Influenced by another factor, it’s the one you’re measuring

Answer 2

Dependent variable

Question 3

Influences the dependent factor and is controlled by the researcher

Answer 3

Independent variable

Question 4

Mathematical description of a population characterisitic

Answer 4

Parameter

Question 5

Mathematical description of a sample characteristic

Answer 5

Statistic

Question 6

Used to summarize and describe the characteristics of data numerically and graphically

Answer 6

Descriptive statistics

Question 7

Make conclusions about populations

Answer 7

Inferential statistics

Question 8

Consists of names or labels

Answer 8

Categorical data

Question 9

Consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

Answer 9

Quantitative data

Question 10

Finite number or countable

Answer 10

Discrete

Question 11

Infinitely many possible values

Answer 11

Continuous

Question 12

Names, labels, or categories only and the data cannot be arranged

Answer 12

Nominal level measurment

Question 13

Arranged in some order but differences can’t be determined or are meaningless

Answer 13

Ordinal level measurement

Question 14

Ordinal level with the additional property that there is a difference between two values however there is NO natural zero

Answer 14

Interval level measurement

Question 15

Interval level with a natural zero starting point. The differences of the values are meaningful

Answer 15

Ratio level measurement

Question 16

Categories onlly
Categories w/ order
Differences but no natural start
Differences and a natural start

Answer 16

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratios

Question 17

Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects

Answer 17

Experimental study

Question 18

Observing and measuring specific characteristics w/o attempting to modify the subjects

Answer 18

Observational study

Question 19

N subjects are selected in a way that every possible sample size N has the same chance of being chosen

Answer 19

Simple random sample

Question 20

Select some starting point and then select every kth element

Answer 20

Systematic sampling

Question 21

Subdivide the population into subgroups that share characteristics and then draw a sample from each

Answer 21

Stratified sampling

Question 22

Divide the population into section and randomly select some of those clusters and chose ALL members from those clusters

Answer 22

Cluster Sampling

Question 23

Collect data by using some combination of the basic sampling methods, pollsters select sample in different stages

Answer 23

Multistage sampling

Question 24

Chooses itself by responding to a general appeal

Answer 24

Voluntary response sample

Question 25

Results that are easy to get

Answer 25

Convenience sample

Question 26

Equation for relative frequency

Answer 26

= class frequency/sum of all

Question 27

On a histogram, what do the horizontal and vertical scales represent?

Answer 27

Horizontal - classes | Vertical - frequencies

Question 28

Scatter plots are a graph of x,y plots used for what?

Answer 28

Determine relationship b/w x and y

Question 29

When two values are somehow associated with each other

Answer 29

Correlation

Question 30

Measures the strength of the linear relationship b/w x and y

Answer 30

Linear correlation coefficient, r

Question 31

What value of the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, is considered very strong and strong

Answer 31

Very - .8 to 1.0 Strong - .6 to .8

Question 32

What is the only measure of center that can be used with nominal data

Answer 32

Mode

Question 33

What 3 measures of variability are commonly used?

Answer 33

Range SD Variance

Question 34

A measure of the variation of values about the mean, represents the average amount of variability in a set of scores

Answer 34

Standard Deviation

Question 35

A measure of variation equal to the square of the standard deviation

Answer 35

Variance

Question 36

The number of standard deviations that a given value x is above or below the mean

Answer 36

Z score

Question 37

Z score equation

Answer 37

z = (value - mean) / SD

Question 38

The mean and SD of the z-scores of a population are always?

Answer 38

Mean = o SD = 1

Question 39

Z score values... | Ordinary and Unusual values

Answer 39

Ordinary - Z score between 2 and -2 Unusual - Z score greater than +2 or less than -2

Question 40

P(A) means...?

Answer 40

Probability (% chance) that A happens/is chosen

Question 41

Explain the probability addition rule

Answer 41

Probability event A OR event B occurs add the fractions

Question 42

Explain the multiplication rule for probability

Answer 42

Probability that event A AND B occur A and B are independent multiply the fractions

Question 43

A series of independent trials where each trial has two possible outcomes/events

Answer 43

A procedure

Question 44

Area under a density curve is a correspondence between...?

Answer 44

Area and probability

Question 45

Approximates a normal distribution as the sample size increases regardless of the distribution of the population

Answer 45

Sample mean

Question 46

Gives us a range of values with certain probability to contain the population mean

Answer 46

Confidence interval

Question 47

What happens to the confidence interval as the sample size increases

Answer 47

The confidence interval DECREASES

Question 48

The definitive statement that there is a relationship b/w populations regarding certain variable

Answer 48

Research Hypothesis

Question 49

What is a non-directional research hypothesis?

Answer 49

A difference between groups but doesn't specify the direction

Question 50

What is a Directional research hypothesis

Answer 50

There is a difference between groups AND specifies direction

Question 51

States that there is no difference b/w conditions or a condition and a specified value

Answer 51

Null hypothesis - it is the starting point against which actual outcomes can be measured

Question 52

A standard procedure for testing a claim about a property of one or more populations

Answer 52

Hypothesis test OR Test of Significance

Question 53

A value used in making a decision about the null hypothesis.

Answer 53

Test Statistic

Question 54

How to find the Test Statistic

Answer 54

Converting the sample statistic to a score with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true

Question 55

Reflects the uncertainty in the mean estimated from a sample

Answer 55

Standard Error of Mean

Question 56

Probability of getting a value of the test statistic that is at least as extreme as the one representing the sample data assuming that the null hypothesis is true

Answer 56

P value

Question 57

What is the significance of a P-value: - Less than or equal to alpha - Greater than alpha

Answer 57

Less than or equal to A = rejects the null Greater than A = fail to reject the null

Question 58

The mistake of rejecting the null when it is actually true

Answer 58

Type I error

Question 59

The mistake of failing to reject the null when it is actually false

Answer 59

Type II error