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Statistics for Behavioral Sciences > Stats midterm > Flashcards

Stats midterm Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

set of all individuals in a particular study

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2
Q

Parameters

A

value that describes a population, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

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3
Q

Sample

A

set of individuals selected to represent the population in a research study

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4
Q

Statistics

A

value that describes a sample, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

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5
Q

Variable

A

characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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6
Q

data

A

measurements or observations

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7
Q

data set

A

collection of measurements or observations

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8
Q

datum

A

single measurement or observation; commonly called a score or raw score

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9
Q

descriptive statistic

A

procedure used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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10
Q

inferential statistic

A

technique that allows one to make generalizations about the populations from which samples were selected

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11
Q

sampling error

A

naturally occurring discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

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12
Q

construct

A

internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behavior

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13
Q

operational definition

A

procedure for measuring external behavior wherein the resulting measurements measure a hypothetical construct

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14
Q

discrete variable

A

value consisting of separate, indivisible categories, wherein no values can exist between two neighboring categories

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15
Q

continuous varibale

A

value which is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

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16
Q

real limit

A

boundary of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

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17
Q

upper real limit

A

boundary at the top of the interval

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18
Q

lower real limit

A

boundary at the bottom on the interval

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19
Q

lower real limit

A

boundary at the bottom on the interval

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20
Q

nominal scale

A

set of categories that have different names

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21
Q

ordinal scale

A

set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence

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22
Q

interval scale

A

set of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size

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23
Q

ratio scale

A

set of ordered categories wherein a zero score indicates none of the variable being measured

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24
Q

descriptive research

A

measuring separate variables with the intent of simply describing the individual variables

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25
correlational method
observing two different variables to determine whether there is a relationship between them or not
26
experimental method
manipulating one variable while another variable is observed and measured
27
independent variable
value that is manipulated by the researcher
28
dependent variable
value that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment
29
control condition
group that either receives no treatment or receives a neutral, placebo treatment
30
experimental condition
group that receives the experimental treatment
31
nonequivalent groups study
score comparison method where the researcher does not control which participants go into which group
32
pre-post study
method of using the passage of time to create the groups of scores
33
quasi-independent variable
value that is used to create the different groups of scores
34
Symmetrical distributions
distribution in which one side is a mirror image of the other
35
skewed distributions - positive skew
distribution wherein the tail points towards the right end of the X-axis (--\>)
36
skewed distributions - negative skew
distribution wherein the tail points towards the left end of the X-axis (
37
frequency distribution
organized tabulation showing number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
38
grouped frequency distribution table
graph presenting group scores rather than individual values
39
class interval
group of scores in a grouped frequency distribution table
40
apparent limit
value that appears to form the upper and lower boundaries for the class interval
41
histogram
graph with a bar drawn above each score and with no space between adjacent bars
42
polygon
graph with a dot centered above each score according to the frequency of each score
43
bar graph
diagram with a rule drawn above each score with spaces left between adjacent bars
44
relative frequency
estimated number of occurrences of a score
45
skewed distribution
graph in which scores pile up towards one end of the scale and taper off
46
tail
distribution section where scores taper off toward one end of a distribution
47
mean
sum of the scores divided by the number of scores
48
population mean
formula where in all scores in the population are added, and then divided by N
49
sample mean
formula with symbols to signify population subset values
50
weighted mean
formula combining multiple sets of scores and dividing to find overall mean for combined group
51
central tendency
statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the midpoint of a distribution
52
median
midpoint in a list of scores listed in order from smallest to largest
53
mode
score or category that has the greatest frequency in a frequency distribution
54
bimodal
distribution with 2 scores with greatest frequency
55
multimodal
a distribution with more than 2 scores with greatest frequency
56
major mode
taller peak when two scores with greatest frequency have unequal frequencies
57
minor mode
shorter peak when two scores with greatest frequency have unequal frequencies
58
line graph
diagram used when values on a horizontal axis are measured on an interval scale or ratio scale
59
Steps of determining Standard Deviation and Variance
1. determine mean - X/N 2. determine deviation from mean - X - mew 3. add deviation - sum of (X - mew) = 0 **will always be zero** 4. calculate average of deviation scores - sum of (X - mew)^2/N **this is the variance** 5. square root the variance **this is the standard deviation**
60
unbiased estimate of the population parameter
of the average value of the statistic , obtained over many different samples, is equal to the population parameters
61
biased estimate of the population parameter
systemically overestimates or underestimates the population parameter
62
raw score
original, unchanged datum that is the direct result of measurement
63
z-score
specification of the precise location of each X value within a distribution
64
z-score transformation
relabeling of X values in a population into precise X-value locations within in a distribution
65
standardized distribution
composition of data used to make dissimilar distributions comparable
66
standardized score
result from relabeling data into new table with positive, whole-number predetermined mean and standard deviation
67
probability
fraction or proportion of all the possible outcomes
68
random sampling
selection process wherein each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
69
single random sample
data set obtained using selection process wherein each individual has equal chance of being selected
70
independent random sample
data set obtained using selection process wherein the probability of being selected stays constant
71
independent random sampling
selection process wherein the probability of being selected stays constant from one selection to next
72
sampling with replacement
selection process that return individuals to the population in order to keep probabilities from changing
73
sample without replacement
selection process that does not require constant probabilities
74
unit normal table
list or proportions of the normal distribution for a full range of possible z-score values
75
percentile rank
portion of individuals in a distribution with scores less than/equal to the specific score
76
percentile
score referred to by its portion of scores less than/equal to the specific score
77
sampling error
natural discrepancy between a statistic and its corresponding population paramater
78
distribution of sample means
collection for all possible random data sets of a particular size
79
sampling distribution
statistics obtained by selecting all possible samples of a specific size from a population
80
central limit theorem
mathematical proposition which serves as a cornerstone for much of inferential statistics
81
expected value of M
mean of distribution of sample means which is always equal to the population mean
82
standard error of M
measure of distance expected between sample mean and population mean
83
law of large numbers
rule that larger sample size increases probability that sample and population means will be close

Statistics for Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

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