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stats research methods Flashcards

1
Q

A sociologist proposes that the reason why people living below the poverty level have worse outcomes even for relatively minor health problems is because they have little or no access to adequate healthcare. In this situation, lack of access to healthcare is a(n) __________ variable.

A. moderator

B. mediator

C. control

D. outcome

A

B. mediator

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2
Q

Psychology 101 students are assigned ranks based on their total scores on a 50-item midterm exam. The ranks represent a(n) _____ scale of measurement.

A. nominal

B. interval

C. ratio

D. ordinal

A

D. ordinal

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3
Q

The mode, median, and mean for a distribution of final exam scores are 75, 50, and 35, respectively. Based on this information, you can conclude that this distribution is:

A. positively skewed.

B. negatively skewed.

C. leptokurtic.

D. platykurtic.

A

B. negatively skewed.

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4
Q

A school psychologist designs a study to determine if student gender and grade level are related to the number of interactions male and female teachers have with their students. This study has ___ independent variables and ___ dependent variable(s).

A. 2; 1

B. 2; 2

C. 3; 1

D. 3; 2

A

C. 3; 1

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5
Q

A distribution of scores has a mean of 60 and standard deviation of 5 and scores are normally distributed. Based on this information, you can conclude that about ___% of scores fall between the scores of 50 and 70.

A. 50

B. 68

C. 95

D. 99

A

C. 95

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6
Q

What is an independent vs dependent variable?

A

An independent variable is the variable that a researcher believes has an effect on the dependent variable.

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7
Q

What is a mediator vs moderator variable?

A

-affect the relationship between the study’s independent and dependent variables and make it difficult to determine if an apparent effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is actually due to the independent variable.
-Mediator variable explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables. For instance, cognitive therapies are based on the assumption that therapy reduces anxiety because it alters client’s dysfunctional thinking. In other words, therapy (the independent variable) leads to more realistic thinking (mediator variable) which, in turn, leads to reduced anxiety (dependent variable).

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8
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Affect the relationship between the study’s independent and dependent variables and make it difficult to determine if an apparent effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is actually due to the independent variable.

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9
Q

What is nominal scale?

A

-divide people into unordered categories. Gender, eye color, and DSM diagnosis are nominal variables. Numbers can be assigned to the categories, but they’re just labels and do not provide any quantitative information.
1. qualitative
2. names, color, labels, etc.
3. order does not matter.

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10
Q

What is interval scale?

A

Variables measured on an ordinal scale divide people into categories that are ordered in terms of magnitude. (for example the WISC)
1. the order matters
2. differences dan be measured (except ratios)
3. not true 0 starting point.

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11
Q

What is ratio scale?

A
  1. the order matters
  2. differences dan be measured.
  3. contains a true 0 starting point.
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12
Q

what bar graphs are used for what?

A

bargraphs for nominal and ordinal
one dimensional
histograms for interval and ratio
two dimensional
frequency polygon(line graph) interval and ratio data

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13
Q

explain stardard deviation in a norm distribution

A

68 percent in 1 standard deviation—16-84
2 standard deviation is 4 to 95
3 standard deviation is 99 percent

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14
Q

positive and negatively skewed in terms of distribution of mode, medium and mean?

A

positive it goes mean median and mode
negative is goes mode, median, mean

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15
Q

lepokurtic and platykurtic peaks?

A

A leptokurtic distribution has a sharper peak and flatter tails than a normal distribution (i.e., most scores are “piled up” in the middle of the distribution). In contrast, a platykurtic distribution is flatter in the middle and has thicker tails than a normal distribution

——think plat means flat

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16
Q

Explain internal vs external validity?

A

Internal is to the study.
external is an application or generalization outside the study.

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17
Q

types of external validity?

A

population
ecological
temporal is generalizability of results over time
treatment
outcome is the generalizability of results to different but related dependent variables.

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18
Q

Threats to internal validity what does this mean?

A

it means factors of variable that could compromise the internal validity of the study?

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19
Q

Threat to internal validity History explain?

A

History refers to events that occur during the course of a study and are not part of the study but affect its results.
—-e.g. a power outage

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20
Q

Threat to internal validity maturation explain?

A

Maturation refers to physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that occur within subjects during the course of the study that are due to the passage of time and affect the study’s results

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21
Q

Threat to internal validity differential selection explain?

A

It occurs when groups differ at the beginning of the study due to the way they were assigned to groups and this difference affects the study’s results.

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22
Q

Threat to internal validity statistical regression explain?

A

threatens a study’s internal validity when participants are selected for inclusion in the study because of their extreme scores on a pretest. It occurs because many characteristics are not entirely stable over time and many measuring instruments are not perfectly reliable

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23
Q

Threat to internal validity testing explain?

A

Testing threatens a study’s internal validity when taking a pretest affects how participants respond to the posttest.

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24
Q

Threat to internal validity instrumentation explain?

A

when the instrument used to measure the dependent variable changes over time. For example, raters may become more accurate at rating participants over the course of the study.

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25
Q

Threat to internal validity differential attrition explain?

A

threatens internal validity when participants drop out of one group for different reasons than participants in other groups do and, as a result, the composition of the group is altered in a way that affects the results of the study

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26
Q

Threats to External Validity: reactivity

A

whenever participants respond differently to the independent variable during a study than they would normally respond. Factors that contribute to reactivity include demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy. Demand characteristics are cues that inform participants of what behavior is expected of them. Experimenter expectancy occurs when the experimenter acts in ways that bias the results of the study and can involve

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27
Q

Threats to External Validity:multiple treatment interference

A

Multiple treatment interference is also referred to as carryover effects and order effects. It may occur whenever a within-subjects research design is used – i.e., when each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable. For example, if a low dose, moderate dose, and high dose of a drug are sequentially administered to a group of participants and the high dose is most effective, its superior effect may be due to the fact that it was administered after the low and moderate doses. Multiple treatment interference is controlled by using counterbalancing, which involves having different groups of participants receive the different levels of the independent variable in a different order.

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28
Q

A researcher conducted a study to assess the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for treating depression in adolescents by comparing it to nondirective supportive therapy. Fifty adolescents who recently received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to one of the two therapies. Each participant’s level of depression was assessed at the beginning of treatment and one month after treatment ended. The results indicated that adolescents in both groups improved to the same degree in terms of depressive symptoms. Which of the following is the biggest threat to this study’s internal validity?

A. differential selection

B. reactivity

C. maturation

D. instrumentation

A

C. maturation

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29
Q

Threats to External Validity:selection treatment interference

A

when research participants differ from individuals in the population, and the difference affects how participants respond to the independent variable

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30
Q

Threats to External Validity: pretest-treatment interaction

A

when taking a pretest affects how participants respond to the independent variable
-Solomon four-group design is used to identify the effects of pretesting on a study’s internal and external validity.

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31
Q

Counterbalancing is most useful for controlling which of the following threats to external validity?

A. reactivity

B. selection-treatment interaction

C. multiple treatment interference

D. pretest sensitization

A

C. multiple treatment interference

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32
Q

To evaluate a brief intervention for improving the social skills of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, a researcher administers a measure of social skills to a sample of adolescents with this diagnosis, chooses the adolescents with the lowest scores on this measure to participate in the intervention, and then re-administers the measure of social skills one week after the adolescents have participated in the intervention. The biggest threat to the internal validity of this study is:

A. instrumentation.

B. reactivity.

C. pretest sensitization.

D. statistical regression.

A

D. statistical regression.

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33
Q

The Solomon four-group design is used to:

A. evaluate the effects of pretesting.

B. reduce the effects of multiple treatment interference.

C. ensure that groups are similar at the beginning of the study.

D. reduce experimenter expectancy effects.

A

A. evaluate the effects of pretesting.

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34
Q

The best way to reduce the effects of differential selection on the results of a research study is to:

A. randomly select subjects from the population.

B. randomly assign subjects to the treatment groups.

C. use the single-blind technique.

D. use the double-blind technique.

A

B. randomly assign subjects to the treatment groups.

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35
Q

qualitative research approach grounded theory?

A

to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of the participants in a study” The primary data collection methods are interviews and observations.

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36
Q

what is phenomenology qualitative research?

A

To derive and understanding of the lived experiences of the participants.
Interviews are the best.

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37
Q

what is ethnography research?

A

studying participants in their natural culture or setting

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38
Q

What is thematic analysis?

A

s a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data” focus groups and in depth interviews

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39
Q

What is qualitative research triangulation?

A

triangulation “is the research practice of comparing and combining different sources of evidence in order to reach a better understanding of the research topic”

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40
Q

Methodological triangulation?

A

using multiple methods to obtain data

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41
Q

data triangulation?

A

using the same method to obtain data at different times

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42
Q

investor triangulation?

A

multiple investigators to collect and analyze data?

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43
Q

theory triangulation?

A

interpreting or analyzing data from multiple theories?

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44
Q

type of quantitative research descriptive?

A

measure and describe a set of variables as they occur naturally

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45
Q

type of quantitative research correlational?

A

two or more variables to determine the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the variables

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46
Q

type of quantitative research experimental true and quasi

A

looking for a causal relationship in an experimental or or quasi-non experimental setting.

47
Q

experimental research single subject design?

A

a) baseline (no treatment) phase, and a treatment phase
b) The treatment phase does not usually begin until a stable pattern of performance on the dependent variable is established during the baseline phase.
(c) The dependent variable is measured multiple times during each phase,

48
Q

experimental research AB?

A

baseline and treatment phase

49
Q

experimental research reversal design?

A

ABA baseline, treatment, no treatment

50
Q

experimental research multiple baseline?

A

the independent variable is sequentially applied across different “baselines,” which can be different behaviors, tasks, settings, or subjects. For example, a psychologist might use a multiple-baseline across behaviors design to evaluate the effectiveness of response cost for reducing a child’s undesirable interactions with other children during recess – i.e., name calling, hitting, and making obscene gestures.

51
Q

experimental research between subjects?

A

two or more groups of subjects, with each group being exposed to a different level of the independent variable.
20, 30, 40 mg

52
Q

experimental research within subjects?

A

AB design but the time would be different.
The time-series design is a type of within-subjects design that’s essentially a group version of the single-subject AB design and involves measuring the dependent variable at regular intervals multiple times before and after the independent variable is administered so that all participants act as both the control (no treatment) and treatment groups.

53
Q

experimental research mixed designs?

A

a mix of between subjects and within subjects

e.g. A mixed design is being used when the effects of drug dose on depressive symptoms are measured weekly for six weeks after participants begin taking either the low, moderate, or high dose of the antidepressant. In this situation, drug dose is a between-subjects variable because each subject will receive only one dosage level and time of measurement is a within-subjects variable because each subject’s depressive symptoms will be measured at regular intervals over time.

54
Q

experimental research factorial designs?

A

the effect on the dependent variable when multiple independent variables are applied.

55
Q

Probability sampling (simple random vs systematic vs stratified random vs cluster random)

A

1.all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected
2. It involves selecting every nth (e.g., 10th or 25th) individual from the list until the desired number of individuals has been selected.
3.dividing the population into subgroups (strata) based on the relevant characteristics and selecting a random sample from each subgroup.
4. randomly selecting a sample of clusters and then either including in the study all individuals in each selected cluster or a random sample of individuals in each selected cluster.

56
Q

What is non-probability sampling?

A

Non-probability sampling
convenience sampling
voluntary response sampling
purposive sampling
snowball sampling

57
Q

Community based participatory research?

A

collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings

58
Q

Like the AB single-subject design, the __________ group design involves measuring the dependent variable measure multiple times before and after applying the independent variable.

A. Solomon four-group

B. factorial

C. counterbalanced

D. time-series

A

D. time-series

59
Q

A psychologist conducts a study to evaluate the effects of type of workshop (face-to-face and online) and level of motivation (high, average, and low) on mock EPPP scores. The results indicate that there are statistically significant main effects of both independent variables and a statistically significant interaction. When interpreting these results, the psychologist will conclude which of the following?

A. Both types of workshop are effective regardless of a person’s level of motivation.

B. Both types of workshop are ineffective regardless of a person’s level of motivation.

C. The most effective type of workshop is the same regardless of a person’s level of motivation.

D. The most effective type of workshop depends on the person’s level of motivation.

A

D. The most effective type of workshop depends on the person’s level of motivation.

60
Q

The primary characteristic that distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research is that, when conducting a true experimental research study, the researcher is able to:

A. randomly select subjects from the population.

B. randomly assign subjects to different treatment groups.

C. use a parametric statistical test to analyze the data.

D. use a nonparametric statistical test to analyze the data.

A

B. randomly assign subjects to different treatment groups.

61
Q

An advantage of the multiple baseline across behaviors design over the ABAB design is that it:

A. helps the researcher determine if there’s a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

B. doesn’t require the researcher to withdraw a treatment from a behavior during the course of the study once it’s been applied to that behavior.

C. allows the researcher to compare the effectiveness of two different treatments during the course of the study.

D. doesn’t require the behavior to exhibit a stable pattern during the baseline phase before the treatment is applied to that behavior.

A

B. doesn’t require the researcher to withdraw a treatment from a behavior during the course of the study once it’s been applied to that behavior.

62
Q

to obtain a sample for her study, a researcher randomly selects 25 schools from the 90 schools in a single school district and then interviews all teachers in each selected school. The researcher has used which of the following sampling methods?

A. stratified sampling

B. cluster sampling

C. systematic sampling

D. convenience sampling

A

B. cluster sampling

63
Q

Which of the following types of qualitative research is likely to be most useful for gaining an understanding of the daily experiences of family members after one member receives a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A. thematic analysis

B. ethnography

C. phenomenology

D. grounded theory

A

C. phenomenology

64
Q

What are inferential statistics used for?

A

To determine if the results of a research study are due to the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable or to sampling error

65
Q

What is it for?
Pearson R
Pearson R ETA
Spearman RHO
point biserial correlation
biserial correlation coefficient
contingency correlation coefficient

A

(a) The Pearson r is also known as the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and is used when both variables are measured on a continuous (interval or ratio) scale and the relationship between the variables is linear. When the relationship between variables is nonlinear, the Pearson r will underestimate the degree of that relationship. An alternative to the Pearson r is eta, which can be used when both variables are continuous and their relationship is linear or nonlinear.

(b) The Spearman rho is also known as the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and is used when data on both variables are reported as ranks.

(c) The point biserial correlation coefficient is used when one variable is continuous and the other is a true dichotomy. (A dichotomy is a nominal variable with only two categories.) The distinction between being pregnant or not being pregnant is a true dichotomy.

(d) The biserial correlation coefficient is used when one variable is continuous and the other is an artificial dichotomy. An artificial dichotomy occurs when a continuous variable is dichotomized. Final exam scores represent an artificial dichotomy when a cutoff score is used to divide the scores into two categories – pass and fail.

(e) The contingency correlation coefficient is used when both variables are measured on a nominal scale.

66
Q

How do you calculate coeffeicent of determination?

A

square it e.g. .7 becomes 49%

67
Q

When would you use multiple regression?

A

Multiple regression is the appropriate technique when two or more predictors will be used to estimate status on a single criterion that’s measured on a continuous scale.

68
Q

When would you use canonical correlation?

A

Canonical correlation is the appropriate technique when two or more continuous predictors will be used to estimate status on two or more continuous criteria.

69
Q

When would you use discriminant function analysis or logistic regression?

A

Discriminant function analysis is the appropriate technique when two or more predictors will be used to estimate status on a single criterion that’s measured on a nominal scale. Logistic regression is the alternative to discriminant function analysis when the assumptions for discriminant function analysis are not met (e.g., when scores on the predictors are not normally distributed).

70
Q

When would you use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM):

A

several multivariate statistical techniques that are used to test hypotheses about relationships among observed and latent variables and can be viewed as a combination of factor analysis and multiple regression

71
Q

What are exogenous and endogenous variables?

A

Exogeneous variables are not explained or predicted by any other variable included in the structural equation model; endogenous variables are explained or predicted by other variables in the model

72
Q

What are observed and latent variables?

A

Observed variables are also known as manifest variables and indicators and are directly observed and measured; latent variables are also known as factors and constructs and cannot be directly observed or measured but, instead, are inferred from observed variables.

73
Q

You would use stepwise multiple regression when you want to:

A. identify the fewest number of predictors needed to make accurate predictions about scores on a criterion.

B. identify the fewest number of predictors needed to accurately categorize people into two or more mutually exclusive criterion groups.

C. identify the predictors that have a causal relationship with the criterion.

D. identify the optimal number of criterion group

A

A. identify the fewest number of predictors needed to make accurate predictions about scores on a criterion.

74
Q

Which of the following is the appropriate technique for using measures of severity of depression, anxiety, drug/alcohol use, and cognitive impairment to classify individuals with major depressive disorder as being at risk or not at risk for suicide?

A. regression analysis

B. multiple regression

C. canonical correlation

D. discriminant function analysis

A

D. discriminant function analysis

75
Q

Which of the following best describes the variables included in a structural equation model?

A. Manifest variables cannot be observed directly, and their influence is inferred from indicator variables.

B. Latent variables cannot be observed directly, and their influence is inferred from indicator variables.

C. Manifest and latent variables cannot be observed directly, and their influence is inferred from indicator variables.

D. Manifest variables cannot be observed directly, and their influence is inferred from latent variables.

A

B. Latent variables cannot be observed directly, and their influence is inferred from indicator variables.

76
Q

A psychologist finds that the relationship between physiological arousal and motor performance for a sample of athletes is .40. This means that ___% of variability in motor performance is explained by variability in physiological arousal.

A. 60

B. 40

C. 36

D. 16

A

d. 16

77
Q

To determine the relationship between cigarette smoking and absence from work, Dr. Nunez obtains a sample of employees who are either smokers or nonsmokers and determines the number of days each employee was absent from work the previous year. Dr. Nunez will use which of the following to calculate the correlation between these two variables?

A. Pearson r

B. Spearman rho

C. point biserial coefficient

D. contingency coefficient

A

C. point biserial coefficient

78
Q

When two variables are measured on a continuous scale and the relationship between the variables is nonlinear, you would use which of the following to determine the degree of association between the variables?

A. eta coefficient

B. contingency coefficient

C. biserial coefficient

D. Pearson r

A

A. eta coefficient

79
Q

For a sample of middle school students with high IQs, the correlation between IQ scores and achievement test scores is .35. If the correlation between IQ scores and achievement test scores is calculated for a sample of middle school students whose IQs represent the full range of IQ scores, the correlation coefficient is likely to be:

A. .35

B. larger than .35.

C. smaller than .35.

D. smaller or larger than .35

A

B. larger than .35.

80
Q

When would we use central limit theorem?

A

to estimate the characteristics of the sampling population. This makes sense as we can’t sample the entire population instead we have to estimate.

81
Q

What are three assumptions of of central limit theorem?

A
  1. as the sample increases it will look more like a typical bell curve.
  2. the mean or average of the sample will represent or be equal to the population mean.
  3. the standard deviation of the sample will equal the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample
82
Q

Explain null vs alternative hypothesis?

A

Null is when the independent variable does not have an effect on the dependent variable.

alternative hypothesis is when the independent variable does have and effect on the dependent variable.

83
Q

Explain type 1 and type 2 errors

A

A type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population; a type II error (false-negative) occurs if the investigator accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.

84
Q

Explain the correct and incorrect decision for type 1 and type 2 errors.

A

correct decisions, a researcher can either retain a true null hypothesis or reject a false null hypothesis

false decision is either reject a true null hypothesis or retain a false null hypothesis

85
Q

what is the probability of making a type 1 error?

A

it is alpha between .05 or .01 so 5 percent chance of making an error.

86
Q

List the 5 factors that effect statistical power which is the ability to reject a false null hypothesis?

A
  1. size of alpha
  2. size of the independent variable
  3. sample size
  4. type of test e.g parmeric is better than non, and t-test is better than chi test.
  5. homogenity of poluation.
87
Q

What is bayesian statistics?

A

It is when data from a current study draws from parameters based upon previous studies or data.

88
Q

so try to explain frequentist confidence intervals vs Bayesian credibility intervals?

A

95% frequentist confidence interval was calculated for each sample mean, 95% of the confidence intervals would contain the true population mean. In contrast, the correct interpretation of a 95% Bayesian credibility interval is that there is a 95% chance that the true population mean is within the upper and lower limits of the interval.

89
Q

Bayesain theorem uses the prior, likelihood, and posterior explain?

A

-prior is previous knowledge
-likelihood is the probability distribution derived from the current study.
-posterior is the updated parameter from synthesizing the prior and likelihood.

90
Q

what is one big criticism of bayesian stats?

A

the subjectivity of the prior- no single well defined method for choosing a prior.

91
Q

Bayes’ theorem allows researchers to update prior knowledge about a parameter using:

A. current (observed) data.

B. previous knowledge and current (observed) data.

C. qualitative information.

D. a revised theoretical framework.

A

B. previous knowledge and current (observed) data.

92
Q

To calculate the standard error of means you need which of the following?

A. sample mean and standard deviation

B. sample mean and sample size

C. population standard deviation and sample size

D. population mean and standard deviation

A

C. population standard deviation and sample size

93
Q

A Type I error occurs when a researcher:

A. retains a true null hypothesis.

B. retains a false null hypothesis.

C. rejects a true null hypothesis.

D. rejects a false null hypothesis.

A

C. rejects a true null hypothesis.

94
Q

Changing alpha from .05 to .01:

A. increases the probability of making a Type I error and decreases the probability of making a Type II error.

B. decreases the probability of making a Type I error and increases the probability of making a Type II error.

C. increases the probability of making a Type I error and Type II error.

D. decreases the probability of making a Type I error and Type II error.

A

B. decreases the probability of making a Type I error and increases the probability of making a Type II error.

95
Q

The central limit theorem predicts that the sampling distribution of means increasingly approaches normal as the:

A. number of samples increases regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

B. size of the sample increases regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

C. number of samples increases only when the population distribution is normal.

D. size of the sample increases only when the population distribution is normal.

A

B. size of the sample increases regardless of the shape of the population distribution

96
Q

Statistical power refers to the ability to:

A. retain a null hypothesis.

B. retain a true null hypothesis.

C. reject a null hypothesis.

D. reject a false null hypothesis.

A

C. reject a null hypothesis.

97
Q

Nonparametric and parametric are two types of inferential statistical tests; what tests go into what category?

A

Nonparametric tests analyze nominal and ordinal data
-chi-square test
inferential analyze interval and ration data
-t-test and anova

98
Q

When would you switch to a inferential test even though it analyzes nominal and ordinal data?

A

When conditions are violated.

-there is not a normal distribution

-there is homogeneity, which means the variances are similar

99
Q

What are the two types of chisquare tests and when would you use them?

A

Remember they are hypothesis testing tests.

-single-sample (single-variable) chi-square test is used to analyze data from a descriptive study that includes only one variable,

-multiple-sample (multiple-variable) chi-square test is used to analyze data from (a) a descriptive study that has two or more variables that can’t be identified as independent or dependent variables or (b) an experimental study that has independent and dependent variables. Remember that, when determining the number of variables for the chi-square test, you count all of the variables.

100
Q

When is the t-test used?

A

when a study includes one independent variable that has two levels and one dependent variable that’s measured on an interval or ratio scale. In this situation, the t-test will be used to compare two means. For example, the t-test would be used to compare the mean mock EPPP exam scores obtained by psychologists who participated in either a live exam review workshop or an online exam review workshop.

101
Q

What are the three types of t-tests

A

-t-test for a single sample is used to compare an obtained sample mean to a known population mean.
- t-test for unrelated samples is also known as the t-test for uncorrelated samples and is used to compare the means obtained by two groups when subjects in the groups are unrelated – e.g., when subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two groups.
t-test for related samples is also known as the t-test for correlated samples and is used to compare two means when there’s a relationship between subjects in the two groups. This occurs when (a) participants are “natural” pairs (e.g., twins), and members of each pair are assigned to different groups

102
Q

When would you use anova

A

-includes one independent variable that has more than two levels and one dependent variable that’s measured on an interval or ratio scale and the groups are unrelated.
-It would be the appropriate statistical test to compare the effects of cognitive-behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy on severity of depressive symptoms when clinic clients are randomly assigned to one of the therapies and symptoms are measured on an interval or ratio scale.

103
Q

A study has three levels of independent variable, technically you could run 3 t-test rather than an anova what is the problem with that?

A
  1. it’s gonna take up a lot of time
    2 the more t-test you run the greater the experiment wise error rate. e.g. type 1 error.
104
Q

what is the f-ratio in the anova?

A

The numerator of the F-ratio is referred to as the “mean square between” (MSB)
-and is a measure of variability in dependent variable scores that’s due to treatment effects plus error
-the denominator is referred to as the “mean square within” (MSW) and is a measure of variability that’s due to error only.
Whenever the F-ratio is larger than 1.0, this suggests that the independent variable has had an effect on the dependent variable.

e.g. 22/4

105
Q

What is a factorial anova

A

ANOVA that’s used when a study includes more than one independent variable. It’s also referred to as a two-way ANOVA

106
Q

What is a mixed anova

A

the split-plot ANOVA and is used when the data were obtained from a study that used a mixed design – i.e., when the study included at least one between-subjects independent variable and at least one within-subjects independent variable.

107
Q

What is a randomized block ANOVA

A

is used to control the effects of an extraneous variable on a dependent variable by including it as an independent variable and determining its main and interaction effects on the dependent variable. When using the randomized block ANOVA, the extraneous variable is referred as the “blocking variable.

108
Q

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

A

used to control the effects of an extraneous variable on a dependent variable but does so by statistically removing its effects from the dependent variable.

109
Q

The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

A

is the appropriate statistical test when a study includes one or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale.

110
Q

Trend analysis

A

one or more quantitative independent variables and the researcher wants to determine if there’s a significant linear or nonlinear (quartic, cubic, or quadratic) relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

111
Q

what are planned comparisons with anova

A

-also known as planned contrasts and a priori tests
-used when one group is significantly different from another group but does not indicate which groups differ significantly from each other.

112
Q

What are post hoc tests?

A

-conducted when an ANOVA produces a significant F ratio

113
Q

What happens in an anova when you increase the number of tests?

A

you increase the amount of error or experiment wise rate.

114
Q

What is the The Jacobson-Truax method

A

The Jacobson-Truax method is one method for evaluating the clinical significance of an intervention for each participant in a clinical trial or other research study.
-to see if difference is due to measurement error

psychopathology (6 decks)

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