Stats tests

Question 1

What are the pros of Chi-Squared Test?

Answer 1

Tests for association between categorical variables.

Good for frequency data in tables.

Simple once the expected values are clear.

Question 2

Cons of Chi-squared?

Answer 2

Needs large sample size for reliability.

Can’t use with small expected frequencies (<5).

Only for categorical data, not numerical.

Question 3

Pros of interquartile ranges?

Answer 3

Resistant to outliers (unlike range).

Focuses on the middle 50% — shows spread clearly.

Good for skewed data

Question 4

Negatives of interquartile ranges?

Answer 4

Ignores extreme values (could miss key variation).

Not as informative alone — best with median.

Harder to calculate by hand than range.

Question 5

Pros Standard deviation?

Answer 5

Uses all data points — gives a detailed view of spread.

Good for comparing variability between datasets.

Pairs well with the mean in symmetrical distributions.

=> Small SD = Clustering towards towards mean

Question 6

Cons of Standard deviation?

Answer 6

Sensitive to outliers — can distort results.

Assumes normal distribution (not always realistic).

More complex to calculate than range or IQR.

-More efficient to compare to other

-Extreme values (km^2 etc..)

Question 7

What is chi squared used for?

Answer 7

Checking if there’s a significant association between two categorical variables (e.g., rock type and land use).

Expected versus observed

Question 8

What is standard deviation used for?

Answer 8

Measuring how spread out values are around the mean in a dataset.