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psychology > status and power > Flashcards

status and power Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 different types of power?

A

reward, referent, expert, legitimate, and coercive

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2
Q

what is status?

A

an individual’s position in the group as

perceived by other people in that group

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3
Q

what is power?

A

the extent to which an individual can
influence or control another individual’s thoughts,
feelings and behaviour.

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4
Q

what is a group?

A

Two or more people who interact with each other, are

influenced by each other and who share a common purpose

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5
Q

what is the Stanford prison experiment?

A

9 guards and 9 prisoners were assigned randomly. the prisoners were locked in cells and guards had to maintain order in the prison. The purpose of the experiment was to observe the behaviour of the innocent people being locked up, and the behaviour of the guards when given power.

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6
Q

what was the IV (independent variable) and the DV (dependent variable) of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

the IV was whether they were assigned prisoner or guard, and the DV was the behaviour of the participants.

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7
Q

what was the result of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

the guards became aggressive toward the prisoners, and the prisoners began to show signs of extreme stress and anxiety. the experiment ended after 6 days because of the behaviour of the prisoners, and the experimenter’s wife came in and expressed her opinion on the experiment, persuading Zimbardo to end the experiment.

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8
Q

what ethical considerations were breached in the Stanford prison experiment?

A

no harm: the participants left with lasting mental harm
withdrawal rights: the participants felt they did not have the right to leave
debriefing: the participants weren’t appropriately debriefed after the experiment
beneficence: the participants did not benefit from the experiment, and there was no benefit to society

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9
Q

what is obedience?

A

adhering to the instructions of authority figures or the rules or laws of society.

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10
Q

what 3 factors affect obedience?

A

status of authority figure, proximity, and group pressure

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11
Q

what was the Milgrim’s experiment?

A

40 male participants were selected to discover whether participants would obey an authority figure causing harm to another person. The participant (teacher) would ask the learner questions and with every wrong answer, they were ‘shocked’. the teacher thought that with every shock, the learner was being harmed.

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12
Q

what was the result of the Milgrim’s experiment?

A

all 40 participants went up to at least 300 volts. 65% went up to the maximum shock level, 450 volts.

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13
Q

what was the IV and the DV of the Milgrim’s experiment?

A

the IV was the proximity of the authority figure and the DV was the obedience of the teacher, measured by the shocks they administered.

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14
Q

what ethical considerations were breached in the Milgrim’s experiment?

A

no harm, withdrawal rights, deception, debriefing

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15
Q

what is reward power?

A

ability to provide the desired response/ reward

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16
Q

what is coercive power?

A

ability to use an unpleasant

consequence (force)

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17
Q

what is legitimate power?

A

power is given by a higher authority. It

may be due to role or position.

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18
Q

what is expert power?

A

power is due to skills and depth of

knowledge

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19
Q

what is referent power?

A

power comes from the desire to relate to

or be like the (powerful) person

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20
Q

what is conformity?

A

the alignment of one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviour to match those of others or societal expectations as an attempt to fit in with them.

21
Q

what are social norms?

A

society’s unspoken rules and expectations regarding what’s normal, which mostly happens subconsciously.

22
Q

what is the asch experiment?

A

50 male students thought they were participating in a study on visual perception, however, it was to measure whether individuals would conform to a majority group. the group started to read the wrong answers to the questions to see if the participants would conform.

23
Q

what was the result of the asch experiment?

A

74% of participants conformed to the incorrect answers given by the group. 24% did not conform to the group at any point during the study and stated the correct answers

24
Q

what factors could affect conformity?

A

group size, unanimity, normative influence, social loafing, informational influence, culture, deindividuation

25
Q

Define the term EV

A

Extraneous variables that may produce unwanted results/ influence the results in an experiment

26
Q

What are the 7 ethical considerations?

A

The ethical considerations are voluntary participation, informed consent, withdrawal rights, confidentiality, deception, debriefing, no harm principle

27
Q

what is pro social behaviour?

A

behaviour that is intentionally and voluntarily performed in order to help another person or society

28
Q

why do people help others?

A

Environmental (nurture) - social rewards for helping another; a good reputation, personal satisfaction, friendships and so on.

biological (nature)- importance of helping those in ones family and community as a means of evolutionary group survival.

29
Q

what factors influence pro social behaviour?

A

personal, situational, and social factors

30
Q

what is the bystander effect?

A

when the presence of other people in a situation reduces the chances of someone providing help as they assume someone else will.

31
Q

why does the bystander effect occur?

A

diffusion of responsibility, ambiguity, audience inhibition

32
Q

what is the Kitty Genovese case?

A

in the Kitty Genovese case, she was raped and stabbed outside her apartment building where 38 people saw or watched and chose not to help. this is an example of the bystander effect.

33
Q

What is bullying?

A

actively, intentionally and repeatedly causing an individual or group to experience distress due to physical, verbal or social means, causing the bully to have greater power.

34
Q

What are the different kinds of bullying?

A

Overt bullying, covert bullying and Cyber bullying

35
Q

What is overt bullying?

A

Overt bullying is visible forms of bullying, such as causing physical harm or name calling.

36
Q

What is covert bullying?

A

Indirect forms of bullying, such as excluding people from group events or talking about them behind their backs. Eg Invite everyone but one person.

37
Q

What is cyber bullying?

A

involves intentionally harmful behaviors or messages repeatedly in online spaces, such as on social media. Eg sending hurtful messages with the intention of harm.

38
Q

What effect does bullying have on health?

A

victims of bullying can experience severe physical and psychological effects like weakened immune system due to stress which can lead to illness. it can affect well being, self-esteem, and can even affect functioning at work or school.

39
Q

What is media?

A

The form in which information is spread throughout society.

40
Q

What is advertising?

A

The process of using media to persuade people to purchase commercial products

41
Q

what are the positive influences of advertisement?

A

provide information to protect us from harm, inform us about products and services to find good deals.

42
Q

what are the negative influences of advertisement?

A

misleading, can promote unhealthy lifestyle eg junk food, unrealisitc beauty standards

43
Q

what are the positive influences of social media?

A

accessible communication, social justice activism,

44
Q

what are the negative influences of social media?

A

distress due to unrealistic beauty standards, comparing yourself to others

45
Q

what are the situational factors effecting pro social behaviour

A

presence of others, phsyical proximity, risk, timing

46
Q

what are the personal factors affecting pro social behaviour?

A

empathy, mood, ability attributions

47
Q

what are the social factors affecting pro social behaviour?

A

social norms, reciprocity principle, social responsibility norm

48
Q

what is a control group?

A

a control group is randomly assigned and is a group of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. They closely resemble the participants in the experimental group.

psychology (3 decks)

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