STEP 1 Week 6 Flashcards by Zach Thornton

Contents of the anterior compartment of the leg

Deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibial a and v

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SX of hereditary. hemorrhagic telangectasia

Telangectasias, recurrent epistaxis, visceral organ AVMs (GI bleeding, lung shunts, liver)

Autosomal dominant impairment of TGF-B

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Impact of AchE inhibitors on Alzheimers

Improve symptoms but are not neuroprotective so no change in disease course

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Impact of proteasome blocking

Leads to aggregation of ubiquinated misfolded proteins that leads to cell apoptosis - good for multiple myeloma

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What is a longterm complication of hookworm infection

Microcytic anemia - from blood loss

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How to find attributable risk

(risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/(Risk in exposed)

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What causes visual changes and headaches with preeclampsia

Widespread endothelial dysfunction leads to vasospasm

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What is a subgaleal hemorrhage

Bleeding between the periosteum and galea apaneurosis due to breaking of emissery veins

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What is CD56

Neural cell adhesion molecule - would stain for neural cell tumors

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MOA of imiquimod

Antiviral and antiproliferative

Activates toll-like receptor 7 and upregulates NF-kB which helps to trigger immune response

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How to diagnose botulism

CLinical and also presence of toxin or spores in stool

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Chronic lymphadema predisposes for what

Angiosarcoma - inflitration of dermis with slit-like vascular infiltratin, see violascous nodules

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How can placental abruption cause DIC

Abruption causes decisdual damage and ischemia. which triggers tissue factor release - tissue factor

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What is the MOA of triptans

Stimulate trigeminovascular serotonin receptors

5-hydroxytriptamine 1B/1D agonists that bind to serotonin receptors and prevent the release of CGRP

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Supplementation with what would help DNA synthesis in a folate deficiency

Thymidine

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What artery runs with the radial nerve in the upper humerus

Deep brachial artery

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What do mushroom toxins inhibit

RNA polymerase II - mRNA synthesis

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What is cerebral amyloid angiopathy

B-amyloid deposits in small to medium size cerebral arteries that causes recurrent hemorrhages, often in occipital and parietal regions

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What muscle controls the TMJ

Lateral pterygoid muscle

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Why does expiratory flow rate increase in interstitial lung diseases

The fibrosis pulls open the airways (radial traction) that leads to a reduction in airflow resistance out of the lung

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What are councilman bodies

Seen in Hepatitis and yellow fever - caused by apoptotic cells

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How does JAK2 work

Study These Flashcards

It is an cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinase - phosphorylates the erythropoetin receptor that then triggers STAT to go to nucleus

What is myositis ossificans

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A benign formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle

Caused by severe trauma - painful firm, mobile mass

Looks like outer layer of bone and inner layer of fibroblasts

What is procalcitonin

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It is a precursor to calcitonin and serves as a acute phase reactant

Rises when there is a bacterial infection, falls when there is a viral infection

What can nitrate OD cause

Methemaglobinemia

How does an increase in triglycerides lead to pancreatitis

Triglycerides usually are bound to albumin but when they are high they exceed the capacity and cause direct damage to pancreatic acinar cells

What would a bronchus obstruction look like on X-ray

The obstruction leads to atelectasis which causes the trachea to shift to the **affected** side Loss of radioluscent air and shift of organs causes opacities

What happens to myocytes with age

Decreased number, so the remaining myocytes hypertrophy to maintain EF (concentric hypertrophy)

What is a glomus tumor

Tumor of glomus cells - vascualr formation that helps to regulate skin temperature Bluish and under the nail

What is latanoprost

Prostoglandin analog used in glaucoma to increase the outflow of aqueous humor

Why do calcium channel blockers not affect skeletal muscle

They are not dependent on extracellular calcium for contraction

Best indicators for liver disease prognosis

Albumin levels, PT (coag factors made in liver)

What is the weakest point of the male urethra

Membranous

What is sick sinus syndrome

COmes from age related degeneration of the SA node Will get bradychardia with a dropped p waves and escape beats where the AV node fires alone - narrow QRS with no P

Age related renal changes

Reduced number of glomeruli - lower GFR and creatine clearance Reduced renal blood flow Reduced response to hormones

How does a pancreatic pseudocyst form

Acute pancreatitis can cause leaking of pancreatic enzymes outside of the pancreas. This causes inflammation of other oragans and leads to granulation tissue formation around the fluid - fibrotic wall

MOA of epinephrine for anaphylaxis

Binds B2 receptors on mast cells and stops degrnulation Binds a1, B1, and B2 receptors - less vasodilation and vascular permeability, increased cardiac output, bronchodilation

What happens to FRC in lung collapse (atelectasis, no surfactant)

Lower FRC - the lung collapses so residual volume falls

At what rib level does the right lung stop

8th rib - 2 above where the pleura stops

What structures are in the poorly perfused peripheral compartment

Skeletal muscle Bone Fat

Other cancer risk with hereditary retinoblastoma

Sarcomas - like osteosarcoma

What kind of hemolysis does lupus cause

Extravascular - IgG autoantibodies against RBCs form that are then targeted by macrophages in the spleen

How does total resistance change going down the airways

Small increase and then steady decrease

How to treat drug induce parkinsonism

Benztropine - anticholinergic

Actions of deep fibular vs common fibular nerve

Common - sensory over dorsum of foot, foot eversion and dorsifelxion. Injury at neck of fubula Deep - foor dorsiflexion and sensory between big toe. Anterior compartment syndrome

What causes neuromuscular weakness in critical disease

Atrophy of myofibers Axonal degeneration due to inflammation

What can cause hypothyroidism with high TSH in infants

If the mother was taking an antithyroid medicine like PTU

What is. used in a STEMI to break up a clot

Fibrinolytics - tPa and analogs (**altaplase**, tenecteplase)

Most common complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage

vasospasm from vasoconstricter release from damaged erythrocytes that causes ischemia

Medications that cause long QT