STEP2: CARDS HF

Question 1

What electrolyte abnormality is an independent predictor of mortality and parallels severity of the disease?

Answer 1

hyponatremia
In cronic HF, volume overload and low CO lead to suboptimal renal perfusion. The kidneys interperet this reduced renal perfusion as hypovolemia leading to excess free water retained relative to sodium

Question 2

A prerenal AKI in the setting of acute HR exacerbation is most likely due to…

Answer 2

cardiorenal syndrome

Question 3

Direct toxicity of ethanol leads to contractule dysfunction and eventually what will develop?

Answer 3

Dialated cardiomyopathy

Question 4

Pericardial increase in jugular venous pressure on inspiration

Answer 4

kussmaul sign, can be seen in R sided HF

Question 5

Signs of cor pulmonale

Answer 5

elevated JVD
Right ventricular 3rd heart sound
tricuspid regurg
hepatomegaly
LE edema, ascites, and or pleural effusions
R heart cath will show pulm systolic pressure over 25 mmHg

Question 6

S3

Answer 6

heart failure
high output states
mitral or aortic regurg

Question 7

S4

Answer 7

concentric LV hypertrophy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, acute MI