Steroid hormone receptors

Question 1

What is the purpose of carrier proteins?

Answer 1

To ensure that proteins are delivered to the entire body

Question 2

What is the most important carrier protein for cortisol?

Answer 2

Transcortin

Question 3

What is the most important carrier protein for thyroid hormone

Answer 3

Thyroxine-binding-globulin

Question 4

What are the 3 structures that all hormone receptors contain?

Answer 4

Transcription-activating domain
DNA binding domain
Hormone-binding domain

Question 5

How do steroid hormones activate receptors?

Answer 5

Hormone binds to hormone-binding site which releases inhibitory complex and exposes DNA binding site

Question 6

How long will ligands remain in the bloodtsream until they’re secreted?

Answer 6

Hours due to binding with carrier proteins

Question 7

After the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus, what else is needed to DNA transcription?

Answer 7

Transcription factors

Question 8

What are primary response genes?

Answer 8

Jus, fos

First genes produced by binding of hormone-receptor complex

Negative feedback to cease transcription of primary genes

Question 9

What are secondary genes?

Answer 9

Primary response genes turn on secondary response genes and initiate further rounds of transcription

Question 10

What is aldosterone produced in response to?

Answer 10

Decrease in blood pressure

Question 11

Can aldosterone be stored?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What is the receptor for aldosterone

Answer 12

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Question 13

What is the carrier protein for aldosterone?

Answer 13

Transcortin, albumin

Question 14

What does the kidney secrete in response to low blood pressure?

Answer 14

Renin

Question 15

What is renin a precursor for?

Answer 15

Angiotensin I

Question 16

Is Angiotensin I an active molecule?

Answer 16

No, angiotensin converting enzyme changes to Angiotensin II

Question 17

What is the function of angiotensin II?

Answer 17

Increase vasoconstriction

Stimulates release of aldosterone

Question 18

What enzyme changes renin to angiotensin I?

Answer 18

Angiotensinogen

Question 19

What does an ACE inhibitor block? What is it used to treat?

Answer 19

Angiotensin converting enzyme

High blood pressure

Question 20

If aldosterone causes the transcription of genes that code for an increase in sodium channels, are sodium channels primary or secondary response genes?

Answer 20

Secondary

Question 21

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 21

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 22

Is thyroxine an active hormone?

Answer 22

No, it is de-iodinized to make T3

Question 23

What stimulates production of T3?

Answer 23

Cold and stress

Question 24

What are the carrier proteins for Thyroxine?

Answer 24

Thyroxine-binding prealbumin

Thyroxine-binding globulin

Question 25

What is the function of T3?

Answer 25

Increased metabolism, fat and protein mobilization, thermogenesis

Question 26

What is the function of Thyrotropin releasing hormone?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus releases TRH to stimulate pituitary gland to produce TSH

Question 27

What is the function of Thyrotropin stimulating hormone?

Answer 27

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4

Question 28

Dos the thyroid gland produce T3?

Answer 28

Yes, but the majority is T4

Question 29

Where is T4 transformed in to T3?

Answer 29

Kidney & Liver

Question 30

How does TRH reach the pituitary gland? What kind of signaling is this?

Answer 30

Via bloodstream | Endocrine

Question 31

What other function does T4 have than producing T3?

Answer 31

Feedback inhibition on pituitary gland to stop TSH release

Question 32

What are signs of feline hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

``` Thin despite good appetite Rapid heart rate Excitability Vomiting Thin hair ```

Question 33

What causes feline hyperhtyroidism?

Answer 33

Thyroid adenoma

Question 34

What are the treatments of feline hyperthyroidsm?

Answer 34

Methimazole Gland removal Radio-iodine

Question 35

How does methimzaole treat hyperthyroidism?

Answer 35

Prevents T3/T4 production

Question 36

What is the most common phosphate donor?

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

Which amino acid side chains can be phosphorylated?

Answer 37

Serine Threonine Tyrosine

Question 38

Which enzyme is the catalyst for phosphrylation?

Answer 38

Kinase

Question 39

Which enzyme takes off a phosphate group?

Answer 39

Phosphotase

Question 40

How does adding a phosphate activate a protein?

Answer 40

Usually exposes binding site by changing conformation