Gene expression

Question 1

What is an intron?

Answer 1

Non-coded DNA (cannot be made in to RNA)

Question 2

What is an exon?

Answer 2

Code DNA that can be transcripted to RNA

Question 3

Does mitochondrial DNA come from both parents?

Answer 3

No, only maternal

Question 4

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 4

Sugars, phosphoric acid, nitrogen

Question 5

How did Avery prove that DNA was genetic material?

Answer 5

Transformation of R strain bacteria to S strain

Question 6

Who did Watson & Crick steal data from?

Answer 6

Rosalind Franklin

Question 7

What are the nucleotides for DNA?

Answer 7

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 8

What way does DNA curve?

Answer 8

To the right

Question 9

What makes up the DNA backbone

Answer 9

Phosphate and sugar

Question 10

Which nucleotides are purines?

Answer 10

Adenine & Guanine

Question 11

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines

Answer 11

Cytosine & Thymine

Question 12

What are the nucleotide pairs?

Answer 12

Adenine & Thymine

Cytosine & Guanine

Question 13

What is attached to each sugar on a DNA strand?

Answer 13

Cyclic base (Purines, Pyrimidines)

Question 14

How many hydrogen bonds are associated with the Guanine - Cytosine pairing?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

How many hydrogen bonds stabilize the AT pairs?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

What direction is DNA synthesized?

Answer 16

5’ to 3’

Question 17

What adds nucleotides to the 3’ end?

Answer 17

DNA polymerase

Question 18

How is the lagging strand duplicated?

Answer 18

Transcripted 5’ to 3’

DNA Ligase binds together Okazaki fragments

Question 19

How often does an error occur during transcription?

Answer 19

1 in every 100,000

Question 20

What is the purpose of exonuclease?

Answer 20

Checks T-A and C-G pairings and degrades wrong pairings

Question 21

What are the mutation types?

Answer 21

Addition, Subtraction, Substitutions

Question 22

Where are genes contained?

Answer 22

Within chromosomes

Question 23

What is RNA ploymerase?

Answer 23

Copies DNA template strand to RNA

Question 24

Is there higher or lower copying fidelity in transcription vs DNA replication?

Answer 24

Lower

Question 25

Which strand is the coding strand?

Answer 25

3' to 5' | Leading strand

Question 26

What region of the DNA initiates transcription?

Answer 26

Promoter (DNA sequence)

Question 27

What is the elongation process during transcription?

Answer 27

RNA polymerase extends RNA chain

Question 28

What causes the termination of elongation/transcription in bacteria?

Answer 28

Hair-pin loop (double stranded RNA) Unknown in eukaryotes

Question 29

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 29

Nucleus

Question 30

What is the purpose of capping during transcription?

Answer 30

Ensres stability during translation

Question 31

What is the purpose of the poly-A tail on the 3' end?

Answer 31

Protects mRNA from degradation and terminates transcription

Question 32

Do introns appear in the mature RNA transcript?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What are the mature RNA types?

Answer 33

``` transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ```

Question 34

What is the purpose of tRNA?

Answer 34

Binds one specific amino acid | Recognizes messenger RNA sequences

Question 35

What is the purpose of rRNA?

Answer 35

Makes ribosomes Orients mRNA, tRNA & Amino Acids Ensures accurate reading of genetic code

Question 36

What is messenger RNA?

Answer 36

Contains info for proteins Accounts for the most transcription within a cell Allows for amplification of genetic message

Question 37

What type of RNA has the highest turnover?

Answer 37

mRNA

Question 38

What determines the amino acid sequence?

Answer 38

Nucleotide sequence

Question 39

How are polypeptides synthesized?

Answer 39

In the cytoplasm, within ribosomes Bind to A site (aminoacyl) Move to P Site (Peptidyl) Exits E site

Question 40

What occurs at the Aminoacyl site?

Answer 40

Binds newly arriving tRNA

Question 41

What occurs at the Peptidyl site?

Answer 41

tRNA carrying polypeptide chain resides & contacts mRNA

Question 42

What occurs at the Exit site?

Answer 42

tRNA exits ribosome

Question 43

What is the start codon?

Answer 43

AUG

Question 44

What are the stop codons?

Answer 44

UAG, UGA, UAA

Question 45

What are examples of posttranslational modifications?

Answer 45

Amino acids removed, sugars added

Question 46

What are results of posttranslation modification?

Answer 46

Activate protein | Direct protein to correct location

Question 47

How are proteins folded?

Answer 47

Protein attaches to endoplasmic reticulum and folds while inside ER

Question 48

What is glycosylation?

Answer 48

Enzyme-directed, site specific process A sugar is added to a protein

Question 49

Where does glycosylation occur?

Answer 49

Er and Golgi Apparatus

Question 50

What are the donor molecules for glycosylation?

Answer 50

Nucleotide sugars

Question 51

What are the acceptor residues for glycosylation?

Answer 51

Asparagine, Serine, Threonine

Question 52

What is PCR?

Answer 52

Amplifying a DNA segment in vitro

Question 53

What are the steps of PCR?

Answer 53

1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension

Question 54

What is denaturation in PCR?

Answer 54

Separation of DNA strands

Question 55

What is annealing in pCR?

Answer 55

Primers bind DNA

Question 56

What is extension in PCR?

Answer 56

New DNA is synthesized

Question 57

What type of PCR is used for testing of diagnostic samples?

Answer 57

real time PCR (qPCR)