steroid hormones Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Steroid hormones are derived from which molecule?
A) Protein
B) Cholesterol
C) Amino acids
D) Nucleic acids

Answer: B) Cholesterol

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Where are steroid hormones primarily synthesized?
A) Liver and pancreas
B) Adrenal cortex and gonads
C) Thyroid gland and pituitary
D) Kidneys and stomach

Answer: B) Adrenal cortex and gonads

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Which of the following best describes the storage of steroid hormones?
A) Stored in vesicles and released when needed
B) Not stored in vesicles, synthesized as needed
C) Stored in lipid droplets and released on demand
D) Stored in the mitochondria

Answer: B) Not stored in vesicles, synthesized as needed

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Steroid hormones are classified as which type of molecules based on their ability to cross cell membranes?
A) Hydrophilic
B) Lipophilic
C) Polar
D) Water-soluble

Answer: B) Lipophilic

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Where do steroid hormones bind after diffusing through the cell membrane?
A) Cell membrane receptors
B) Intracellular cytosolic or nuclear receptors
C) Mitochondrial receptors
D) Plasma proteins

Answer: B) Intracellular cytosolic or nuclear receptors

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Steroid hormones exert their actions by binding to which of the following?
A) Nucleotides in the cytoplasm
B) Hormone response elements in DNA
C) Plasma membrane channels
D) Proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer: B) Hormone response elements in DNA

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What is the result of steroid-receptor complexes interacting with DNA?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Altered rates of transcription of specific genes
C) Increased protein degradation
D) Activation of the immune system

Answer: B) Altered rates of transcription of specific genes

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Which steroid hormone is the principal mineralocorticoid?
A) Cortisol
B) Aldosterone
C) Estradiol
D) Testosterone

Answer: B) Aldosterone

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Aldosterone is produced in which part of the adrenal cortex?
A) Zona fasciculata
B) Zona reticularis
C) Zona glomerulosa
D) Medulla

Answer: C) Zona glomerulosa

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Cortisol is mainly synthesized in which region of the adrenal cortex?
A) Zona reticularis
B) Zona glomerulosa
C) Zona fasciculata
D) Medulla

Answer: C) Zona fasciculata

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What is the primary role of cortisol in the body?
A) Regulation of calcium levels
B) Stress adaptation and immune system regulation
C) Regulation of sodium and potassium levels
D) Control of sexual development

Answer: B) Stress adaptation and immune system regulation

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Testosterone is synthesized primarily in which of the following?
A) Ovaries
B) Adrenal glands
C) Testes
D) Thyroid gland

Answer: C) Testes

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Which of the following is a progestagen hormone that plays a role in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
A) Estradiol
B) Testosterone
C) Progesterone
D) Cortisol

Answer: C) Progesterone

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Estradiol is produced mainly in which organ?
A) Adrenal glands
B) Liver
C) Testes
D) Ovaries

Answer: D) Ovaries

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Which steroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the body?
A) Aldosterone
B) Testosterone
C) Calcitriol
D) Estradiol

Answer: C) Calcitriol

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Which steroid hormone is responsible for secondary male sex characteristics?
A) Progesterone
B) Testosterone
C) Estradiol
D) Cortisol

Answer: B) Testosterone

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Which class of steroid hormones regulates the body’s sodium and potassium levels?
A) Glucocorticoids
B) Mineralocorticoids
C) Androgens
D) Estrogens

Answer: B) Mineralocorticoids

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Which of the following steroid hormones is considered a precursor to both androgens and estrogens?
A) DHEA
B) Progesterone
C) Cortisol
D) Estrone

Answer: A) DHEA

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What is the primary role of the adrenal cortex in terms of sex hormones?
A) Produces large quantities of male and female sex hormones
B) Releases small amounts of male and female sex hormones
C) Regulates sexual behavior
D) Synthesizes only estrogens

Answer: B) Releases small amounts of male and female sex hormones

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Which hormone from the anterior pituitary regulates the production of glucocorticoids and sex steroids in the adrenal glands?
A) Prolactin
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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Aldosterone secretion from the zona glomerulosa is mainly regulated by which system?
A) Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
B) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C) Sympathetic nervous system
D) Growth hormone secretion

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Answer: B) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

What is the effect of ACTH binding to its receptor in adrenal cells?
A) Increase in calcium influx
B) Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and production of cAMP
C) Activation of ion channels
D) Decrease in steroid hormone synthesis

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Answer: B) Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and production of cAMP

What type of receptor does ACTH bind to in adrenal cells?
A) Tyrosine kinase receptor
B) G-protein coupled receptor
C) Ion channel receptor
D) Nuclear receptor

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Answer: B) G-protein coupled receptor

Which second messenger is produced as a result of ACTH binding to its receptor?
A) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
B) Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
C) Calcium ions (Ca2+)
D) Diacylglycerol (DAG)

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Answer: B) Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controls the production and release of which hormone? A) Prolactin B) Cortisol C) Insulin D) Testosterone

Answer: B) Cortisol

What type of feedback loop regulates the circulating levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ACTH, and cortisol? A) Positive feedback loop B) Classical feedback loop C) Antagonistic feedback loop D) Short-loop feedback

Answer: B) Classical feedback loop

What is the precursor molecule for all C18, C19, and C21 steroid hormones? A) Progesterone B) Pregnenolone C) Cholesterol D) Testosterone

Answer: B) Pregnenolone

What is the first step in converting cholesterol to steroid hormones in adrenal steroidogenesis? A) Aromatization B) Cleavage of a 6-carbon group from cholesterol C) Hydroxylation at position 17 D) Conversion to pregnenolone

Answer: B) Cleavage of a 6-carbon group from cholesterol

What is the role of P450scc (cholesterol desmolase) in steroid biosynthesis? A) Cleaves the side chain of cholesterol to produce pregnenolone B) Converts progesterone to cortisol C) Hydroxylates testosterone to estradiol D) Converts DHEA to estrone

Answer: A) Cleaves the side chain of cholesterol to produce pregnenolone

Which family of enzymes is responsible for most steroidogenic reactions? A) Kinases B) Phosphatases C) Cytochrome P450 oxidases D) Dehydrogenases

Answer: C) Cytochrome P450 oxidases

Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone biosynthesis? A) 21-hydroxylase B) P450scc (cholesterol desmolase) C) 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase D) Aromatase

Answer: B) P450scc (cholesterol desmolase)

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone to cortisol? A) 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase B) 17α-hydroxylase C) 11β-hydroxylase D) Aldosterone synthase

Answer: C) 11β-hydroxylase

What is the primary role of ACTH in adrenal steroidogenesis? A) Inhibits aldosterone synthesis B) Stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone C) Activates estrogen production D) Decreases the release of cortisol

Answer: B) Stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in aldosterone synthesis? A) 17α-hydroxylase B) 11β-hydroxylase C) Aldosterone synthase D) 17,20-lyase

Answer: C) Aldosterone synthase

What percentage of circulating cortisol is free and biologically active? A) 1-2% B) 5-10% C) 20-25% D) 50%

Answer: B) 5-10%

What time of day does cortisol typically peak in the bloodstream? A) 12:00 pm B) 3:00 pm C) 6:00 am - 8:00 am D) 10:00 pm

Answer: C) 6:00 am - 8:00 am

Cortisol is primarily bound to which protein in the bloodstream? A) Hemoglobin B) Transcortin (CBG) C) Albumin D) Fibrinogen

Answer: B) Transcortin (CBG)

Cortisol has a half-life in plasma of approximately how long? A) 30 minutes B) 1 hour C) 100 minutes D) 5 hours

Answer: C) 100 minutes

Which of the following is a primary function of cortisol? A) Decreases blood glucose levels B) Enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis C) Increases insulin secretion D) Suppresses protein catabolism

Answer: B) Enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis

Cortisol has which of the following effects on blood glucose levels? A) It lowers blood glucose by enhancing insulin sensitivity B) It increases blood glucose by inhibiting gluconeogenesis C) It increases blood glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake and promoting gluconeogenesis D) It stabilizes blood glucose levels without major fluctuations

Answer: C) It increases blood glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake and promoting gluconeogenesis

Cortisol can act as an insulin antagonist. What is the effect of this action? A) Increases insulin release B) Reduces glucose absorption by tissues C) Suppresses insulin secretion D) Increases insulin sensitivity

Answer: B) Reduces glucose absorption by tissues

Cortisol enhances the breakdown of which of the following to provide substrates for gluconeogenesis? A) Carbohydrates B) Triglycerides and skeletal muscle protein C) Vitamin D D) Nucleic acids

Answer: B) Triglycerides and skeletal muscle protein

Which of the following effects is associated with cortisol’s action on protein metabolism? A) Increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles B) Increased urinary nitrogen excretion C) Reduced protein catabolism D) Enhanced wound healing

Answer: B) Increased urinary nitrogen excretion

What is one of the immune-related effects of cortisol? A) It enhances immune response B) It promotes inflammation C) It has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects D) It increases antibody production

Answer: C) It has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects

What is the major circulating mineralocorticoid? A) Cortisol B) Estradiol C) Aldosterone D) Progesterone

Answer: C) Aldosterone

Which mineralocorticoid has about 3% of the activity of aldosterone? A) Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) B) Progesterone C) Testosterone D) Estrone

Answer: A) Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)

Cortisol can interfere with which aspect of bone physiology? A) Bone resorption B) Linear bone growth C) Bone mineralization D) Bone formation

Answer: B) Linear bone growth

Cortisol inhibits the absorption of which nutrient from the intestine? A) Iron B) Vitamin D C) Calcium D) Vitamin A

Answer: B) Vitamin D

Which mineral is affected by cortisol's action on calcium metabolism? A) Magnesium B) Sodium C) Calcium D) Potassium

Answer: C) Calcium

Aldosterone primarily affects which organ? A) Heart B) Kidneys C) Liver D) Pancreas

Answer: B) Kidneys

steroid hormones Flashcards

(50 cards)