STI Unit 2: Histology and Biomechanics

Question 1

What is the difference between the Connective Tissue on the L compared to the R?

Answer 1

• The connective tissue on the L is more organized, and is healthy connective tissue
• The right we are looking at scar tissue

Question 2

What is the purpose for connective tissue?

Answer 2

• Holds us together, it helps transmit forces and holds organs in place
• It forms bases in skin, muscle, sheaths, tendons, ligaments, blood vessel walls, nerve sheaths, and bed and frame work of internal organs

Question 3

What are Mesenchymal cells?

Answer 3

These cells are from the mesoderm, these are small shaped spindle shapes cells that eventually differentiate into adult connective tissue.

They develop into the following:

• Osteoblast ➡️ Osteocytes ➡️ bone
• Chondroblast ➡️ Chondrocytes ➡️ cartilage
• Fibroblast ➡️ Fibrocytes ➡️ Connective tissue proper

Question 4

What are 2 different types of connective tissue cells?

Answer 4

• Fixed
• Wandering

Question 5

With Connective Tissue Cell types, what are Fixed CT cells?

CT = connective tissue

Answer 5

These are the fibrocytes

• Its responsible for synthesizing collagen, elastin and reticulin
• It is sensitive to physical stimuli, and is unable to distinguish between good and bad stress

Question 6

With Connective Tissue Cell types, what are Wandering CT cells?

CT = Connective tissue

Answer 6

These are Macrophages, Leukocytes, Plasma cells, and Mass cells

• Macrophages and Leukocytes are found in connective tissue s/p trauma or infection, they debreed via phagocytosis
• Plasma cells create antibodies that boost the immune system
• Mass cells create heparin, which is a vasodilator that allows blood into the area during a trauma

Question 7

Bailey’s textbook of Histology

With Adult connective tissue, what are Connective Tissue proper special properties?

Answer 7

• Reticular
• Adipose
• Pigmented

Question 8

Bailey’s textbook of Histology

With Adult connective tissue, what are Connective Tissue proper common properties?

Answer 8

• Dense
• Loose irregularly arranged

Question 9

Bailey’s textbook of Histology

With Adult connective tissue, Connective Tissue proper, what are types of Dense Connective Tissue?

Answer 9

• Regularly arranged
• Irregularly arranged

Question 10

Bailey’s textbook of Histology

With Adult connective tissue, what are the 2 types of Dense Regularly arranged connective tissue?

Answer 10

• Collagenous
• Elastic

Question 11

Bailey’s textbook of Histology

With Adult connective tissue, what are different types of Cartilage?

Answer 11

• Hyaline
• White Fibrous
• Elastic

Question 12

Which connectie tissue is the strongest?

Answer 12

Collagen

• Its is able to withstand the most tensile forces

Question 13

What is Type 1 of Collagen Fibers?

Answer 13

These are the most common

This included:

• Bone
• Dense and loose connective tissue proper

Question 14

What is Type 2 of Collagen Fibers?

Answer 14

This is thinner than type 1

• Found in Hyaline Cartilage

Question 15

Where is Type 3 Collagen found?

Answer 15

• In fetal dermis
• Lining of arteries
• intestine
• Urterus
• Lungs

Question 16

Where is Type 4 Collage found?

Answer 16

In basement membrane of epithilia

Question 17

Where are Collagen Fibers synthesized?

Answer 17

Within the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum of the Fibroblast

Question 18

With Collagen Synthesis, where is Tropocollagen released?

Answer 18

Released from teh cell into the extracellular matrix where it then hydrostatically bonds with other tropocollagen to form a collagen fibril

• The hydrostatic bonds are then replaced by a covalent bond
• The fibril matures into a collagen fiber

Question 19

With Connective Tissue Proper, what are the characteristics of Collagen Fibers?

Answer 19

• Wavy
• Flexible but practically non-extensible

Question 20

With Connective Tissue Proper, what are the characteristics of Elastic Fibers?

Answer 20

• Thinner than collagen
• Branching fibers but highly elastic

Question 21

With Connective Tissue Proper, what are the characteristics of Reticular Fibers?

Answer 21

• Small branching fibers
• Forms mesh-like supporting framework

Question 22

With CT, what is Ground Substance?

Answer 22

This is the medium for connective tissue fibers and cells

• Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or mucopolysaccharides
• Hyaluronic acid (lubrocating substance)
• Chondroitin 4 and 6 sulfate/dermatin sulfate

Question 23

With CT, what is the purpose of Ground Substance?

Answer 23

• Acts as a lubricant for CT fibers
• Maintains interfiber distance to prevent adhesions
• Aids in nutrient diffusion
• Acts as mechanical barrier

Question 24

What is the Biomechanics of CT Proper?

Answer 24

• CT resist deformation as with all tissues
• Damaged when encounters repetitive tensile or shear forces
• The physical property that resist and allows deformation in CT Proper is Viscoelasticity

Question 25

What is Somatic Dysfunction?

Answer 25

Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic system. A state of altered mechanics, palpable changes of integrity, increased or decreased mobility, autonomic changes and emotional "muscular armor"

Question 26

What does the term Osteopathy mean?

Answer 26

Disturbances in structure in whatever tissue within the body will lead to disturbances of functioning in that structure and in turn, on the function of the body as a whole

Question 27

Using the pic, this person is an example what what body type? What dysfunction is common with this body type?

Answer 27

Ectoderm - May be either hypo- or hypermobile

Question 28

Using the pic, this person is an example what what body type? What dysfunction is common with this body type?

Answer 28

Mesoderm - Dysfunctions generally are hypomobility

Question 29

Using the pic, this person is an example what what body type? What dysfunction is common with this body type?

Answer 29

Endoderm - Dysfunction are hypermobility

Question 30

What is Wolf's Law?

Answer 30

Bone adapts to stresses applied. Connective tissue cartilage, tendon, ligament, and fascia, as well as bone adapt to the stresses applied

Question 31

What are the Viscoelastic Properties of CT?

Answer 31

- Elastic nature allows for temporary deformation like that seen in a stretch or a yawn (spring in the tissue) - The viscous is the fluid nature that absorbs the stresses enables permanent changes in the tissue. Greater forces are required to create viscous change - Elastic deforms 1st with viscous being second with increased time and force

Question 32

With our patients, what may cause immobility?

Answer 32

- Trauma - Past or present - Habit patterns - Postures - Strain from over exercising - Metabolic factors - Imbalances - i.e., leg length discrepancies

Question 33

With our patients, what are some results of Restricted motions?

Answer 33

May cause: - Disuse atrophy of supporting muscles - Loss of sarcomeres - Degeneration of cartilage - Loss of ground substance, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), loss of lubricating effect - Binding of fascial elements - Nutrition and blood supply to region impaired ## Footnote **This further results in:** - Weak muscles through ROM - Restriction of joints - Fascial restrictions - Self image/body language - Bony structure changes

Question 34

What is Tensegrity?

Answer 34

A term describing an architectual principle where a combination of elastic and solid material work together to make a structure stable but light. Helps with stand trauma or natural disasters

Question 35

What can Passive Tension result in?

Answer 35

- Poor attenuation of forces in the viscoelastic structures - Tissue held in shortened range - Loss of sarcomeres in muscle

Question 36

What structures are considered Dense Regular Connective Tissue? - What are the Characteristics of Dense Regular CT?

Answer 36

**Structure** - Tendon/ligament **Characteristics** - Closely packed - Parallel fiber arrangement - Few fibroblast - Dispersed between fibers - Little GS - Resits tensile force

Question 37

What structures are considered Dense Irregular Connective Tissue? - What are the Characteristics of Dense Irregular CT?

Answer 37

**Structure** - Aponeurosis - Joint capsule - Periosteum - Dermis - Fascial Sheaths **Characteristics** - Dense - Multidirectional fiber arrangement - More cells and Ground substance - Resist multidirectional force

Question 38

What structures are considered Loose Irregular Connective Tissue? - What are the Characteristics of Loose Irregular CT?

Answer 38

**Structure** - Superficial and some deep fascia - Neural sheaths - Internal organ supporting framework **Characteristics** - Thin and sparse fiber content - Collagen - Elastic and Reticular fibers - Abundance of EF and GS - resist multidirectional forces