Stone

Question 1

what is solubility product?

what is formation product?

Answer 1

concentration at the point of saturation

concentration when the salt can no longer be held in solution

Question 2

Stone crystals
Ca Ox monohydrate
Ca Ox dihydrate
Ca PO4
Cystine

Answer 2

dumbbell
envelope
prisms
hexagonal

Question 3

__% of ingested oxalate is absorbed
__% of absorbed oxalate is excreted in urine
__% of urinary oxalate comes from diet

Answer 3

10%
Almost all
30%

Question 4

what is primary oxaluria?

Answer 4

AR

preferential oxidative conversion of glyoxylate to oxalate

Question 5

what is elevated in primary oxaluria II and III?

Answer 5

II: L-glyceric acid
III: HOG

Question 6

pKa of uric acid

Answer 6

5.5 (50% soluble)

Question 7

pKa of cystine

Answer 7

8.3

Question 8

First time stone former

10y risk of recurrence

Answer 8

52% (Uribarri)

Question 9

Associations with type 1 RTA

Answer 9

Sjogren
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Drugs

Question 10

Diagnostic test for type 1 RTA?

Answer 10

Ammonium chloride loading test: urine pH >5.5

Question 11

Cutoff for a positive cyanide-nitroprusside test

Answer 11

> 75mg/L

Question 12

FP for cyanide-nitroprusside test

Answer 12

homocystinuria
acetonuria
drugs (sulpha, N-acetylcysteine)

Question 13

__mEq of oral Na = __mg of urinary Ca

Answer 13

100 mEq

50 mg

Question 14

Cystinuria: limit ____-rich food

Answer 14

Methionine

Question 15

Borghi diet
___Ca
___Salt
___Protein

Answer 15

30mmol
50mmol
52g

Question 16

SE of thiazide

Answer 16

Hypo: K, Mg, citrate, vol
Hyper: uricosuria, glycemia

Question 17

Medical treatment for Ca Ox stone former with hyperuricosuria and normalcalciuria

Answer 17

Allopurinol

K citrate

Question 18

Conversion for K citrate

__ mEq = __ mg

Answer 18

10 mEq = 1080 mg

1 mEq ~= 100 mg

Question 19

what is Thiola and SE

Answer 19

a-mercaptopropionylglycine

proteinuria, liver impairment, hematological

Question 20

what is Reloxaliase?

Answer 20

recombinant oxalate decarboxylase
Bacilus subtilis
converts oxalate to formate and CO2

Question 21

what is Lumasiran?

Answer 21

liver-directed small interfering RNA
degrades mRNA that encodes glycolate oxidase
reduces glyoxylate production

Question 22

what does Cochrane review tell us about MET? 2018

Answer 22

Overal RR 1.16
< 5mm RR 1.06
> 5mm RR 1.45
Shorter expulsion time (3.4d), hospitalization, analgesic use
Not affected by stone location / a-blocker type

Question 23

what does Sam Mcclinton tell us about RIRS vs ESWL in stones < 2cm?

Answer 23

< 1cm: RR 1.1

1 - 2cm: RR 1.5

Question 24

Calyceal diverticula

Definition

Answer 24

non-secretory outpouching of the collecting system

Question 25

Calyceal diverticula More common at ___ pole Classified into: ___

Answer 25

Upper pole Type I: polar, minor calyx Type II: midzone, major calyx/renal pelvis

Question 26

Intracorporeal lithotripsy techniques

Answer 26

``` EHL USG Pneumatic Laser Combination ```

Question 27

What is LASER? | What is Holmium laser?

Answer 27

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation | Holmium ytrium aluminium garnet laser

Question 28

Traxer in vitro definition of a dust

Answer 28

<= 250 um | 3 criteria

Question 29

what if TFL?

Answer 29

laser pumping: electronically modulated diode laser | thulium-doped silica fiber as gain medium

Question 30

what is post-ureteroscopic lesion scale?

Answer 30

Grade 0 to 5

Question 31

Mechanisms of ureteric avulsion (URS)

Answer 31

Stone basket | Entrapment (scabbard, bunching of distal rubber, steinstrasse, locked deflection)

Question 32

how long is Alken central rod?

Answer 32

58cm

Question 33

Amplatz: made of __

Answer 33

polyurethane

Question 34

fURS : T / F Reusable: fiberoptic or digital Fiberoptic fURS has smaller width Fiberoptic fURS has smaller working channel

Answer 34

``` T (disposable = all digital) T F (same = 3.6Fr) ```

Question 35

Extracorporal lithotripsy techniques

Answer 35

EHL Piezoelectric Electromagnetic Electroconductive

Question 36

Describe a shockwave pressure profile

Answer 36

Shorter positive peak | Longer negative trough

Question 37

how to improve ESWl success rate?

Answer 37

Patient selection Optimize SW delivery: 4 Analgesia Fragment passage

Question 38

what is biofilm? | what layers are there?

Answer 38

linking, base, surface films

Question 39

what is nephrocalcinosis? | what types are there?

Answer 39

Generalized | Medullary (98%), cortical

Question 40

Characteristic imaging findings of papillary necrosis

Answer 40

Papillary type: lobster claw | Medullary type: ball on tee

Question 41

What is medullary sponge kidney?

Answer 41

developmental defect of collecting system | cystic dilatation of distal collecting ducts

Question 42

Medullary sponge kidney ___% bilateral Associated with ___ __ gene implicated

Answer 42

75% BWS RET oncogene

Question 43

Medullary sponge kidney: imaging findings

Answer 43

Bunch of grapes | Paint-brush appearance