stones

Question 1

Types of renal stones and prevalance

Answer 1

calcium 80%- oxalate and phosphate
uric stones 10-20%
struvite stones 1%
cystine and drug induced

Question 2

renal stones RFs

Answer 2

Non modifiable: age, male, white, FH, genetic conditions, anatomical abnormality, previous stone formation
Modifiable: diet, chronic dehydration, obesity, drugs

Question 3

Cx of renal stones

Answer 3

AKI
Obstructive pyelonephritis, pyonephrosis, sepsis
Hydronephrosis
Associated: RCC, CKD, coronary heart disease

Question 4

imaging of choice for suspected renal stones

Answer 4

Non contrast CT KUB
If pregnant or child, ultrasound

Question 5

Management of renal/ ureteric colic

Answer 5

NSAIDS for analgesia - diclofenac

For those with complete urinary obstruction- percutaneous nephrostomy
IF stone <5mm and asx, then watchful waiting
if stone <1cm, alpha blocker
if >1cm, ongoing unbearable pain then shockwave lithotripsy, percutanoues nephrolithotomy, urereteroscopy, open surgery