Strand 2 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What is stability?
A
Ability of the aircraft to withstand any disturbances
2
Q
What are the hazardous attitudes?
A
Resignation
Anti-authority
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho
3
Q
What is the antidote for RESIGNATION?
A
I can make a difference
4
Q
What is the antidote for ANTI-AUTHORITY?
A
Follow the rules, they are there for a reason.
5
Q
What is the antidote for IMPULSIVITY?
A
Not so fast, think first.
6
Q
What is the antidote for INVULNERABILITY?
A
It could happen to me.
7
Q
What is the antidote for MACHO?
A
Taking chances is foolish.
8
Q
What is the operational pitfall “Get-there-itis”?
A
Impairs pilot judgement through a fixation on the original goal or destination, combined with a disregard for any alternative course.
9
Q
What is the operational pitfall “Duck-under syndrome”?
A
Pilot may be tempted to make it into a airport by descending below minimums during an approach
10
Q
What is the operational pitfall “scud-running”?
A
Pilot tries to maintain visual contact with the terrain at low altitudes.
11
Q
What is the operational pitfall “neglect of flight planning”?
A
May rely on memory, or familiar routes instead of established procedures/checklist.
12
Q
What are the four forces of flight?
A
Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag
13
Q
When are the four forces of flight equal?
A
During straight level and unaccelerated flight
14
Q
What is lift?
A
Component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the relative wind
15
Q
How is lift produced?
A
Newtons 3rd law and Bernoullis Principle
16
Q
How can lift be manipulated?
A
Changes to the wing area, speed, and air density
17
Q
What Is the lift equation?
A
(Lift coefficient x wing area x density altitude x TAS squared) divided by 2
18
Q
What is Newtons 3rd law?
A
For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction
19
Q
How does newtons third law relate to lift?
A
The downward motion behind the wing creates opposite reaction upward
20
Q
What is Bernoullis principle?
A
As velocity of the fluid increases, fluid pressure decreases
21
Q
How does Bernoulli’s principle help produce lift?
A
Air moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure causing an upward force on the wing
22
Q
What is drag?
A
A rearward force caused by a disruption of airflow of airfoils
23
Q
What are the types of drag?
A
Parasitic and Induced
24
Q
What is induced drag?
A
Drag caused by the same factors that produce lift
25
What are the types of parasitic drag?
Form
Interference
Skin friction
26
What is form drag?
Drag comes from aircraft shape and airflow around it
27
What is interference drag?
Drag coming from intersection of airstreams such as the fuselage
28
What is skin friction drag?
Aerodynamic resistance due to moving air with the surface of the aircraft.
29
What is the lowest point of drag?
L/D Max aka Vglide
30
What are the primary flight controls?
Ailerons, elevator, rudder
31
What are the secondary flight controls?
Rudder and Trim
32
What axis does the ailerons control?
Lateral axis
33
What axis does the elevator control?
Lateral axis
34
What axis does the rudder control?
Vertical axis
35
How are the ailerons operated?
Control rods
36
How is the elevator operated?
Control rods
37
How is the rudder operated?
Cable
38
How are the flaps operated?
Electronically operated control rods
39
How is the trim controlled?
Bowden cable
40
What is ADM?
A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
41
What process would you use for ADM?
3 P’s (Perceive, Process, Perform)
42
How would you perceive the hazard?
PAVE
Pilots
Aircraft
enVironment
External pressure
43
How would you process/evaluate the hazard?
CARE
Consequences
Alternatives
Reality
External pressures
44
How would you perform/implement risks?
TEAM
Transfer
Eliminate
Accept
Mitigate
45
What is maneuverability?
Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses imposed upon it
46
What is controllability?
Measure of the response relative to the pilots flight control inputs
47
What is adverse yaw?
Condition where the nose tends to yaw toward the outside of the turn. This is cause by the higher induced drag on the outside wing which is also producing more lift.
48
What tool can help adverse yaw?
Differential ailerons
49
What is the force “Weight”?
Force exerted by an aircraft from the pull of gravity
50
What is the force thrust?
Forward aerodynamic force produced by the prep or turbojet engine as it forces air to the rear behind the aircraft
51
What is a stall?
Rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wings surface, brought on by exceeding critical angle of attack. Stall can occur at any attitude or pitch
52
What are some stall indications?
Stall warning horn
Mushy controls
Buffeting
Unarrested Descent
53
What is static stability?
Initial tendency of the aircraft once disturbed
54
What is a characteristic of positive static stability?
Eventually settles
55
What is a characteristic is neutral static stability?
Continues in that direction
56
What is a characteristic of negative static stability?
Condition worsens
57
What is dynamic stability?
Tendency of the aircraft over time
*Must have positive static stability*
58
What are the left turning tendencies?
P Factor
Gyroscopic Precession
Torque
Slipstream
59
What is P Factor?
Descending blade has a higher angle of attack therefore increased thrust
60
What is gyroscopic precession?
Felt 90° of the location, in direction of rotation. More relevant in tailwheel planes. The pull on the right side of the propeller creates yaw to the left
61
What is Torque?
Generated when the clockwise rotation of the prop gets the plane to want to rotate counter-clockwise. Greatest at high airspeeds with high power settings and high angle of attack
62
What is slipstream?
Corkscrew wing from the prop strikes the tail on the left side
63
What is load factor?
Ratio of lift being produced by the wings compared to the aircraft weight expressed in Gs.
64
What is the load factor of the DA-40?
Va: 3.8 to -1.52
Vne: 3.8 to 0
Flaps T/O: 2.0 to ???
65
What is the load factor equation?
Load factor = lift/weight
66
What is a spin?
Aggravated stall, when 1 wing is stalled more than the other
67
What are the recovery procedures of a stall?
Power: Idle
Rudder: full opposite
Ailerons: Neutral
Elevator: Full forward
Rotation stops...
Rudder: neutral
Elevator: Pull carefully
68
What are the maneuvering speeds?
Below 2646 lbs = 111 KIAS
Below 2284 lbs = 94 KIAS
69
What stability controls pitch?
Longitudinal stability
70
What stability controls roll?
Lateral stability
71
What stability controls yaw?
Vertical stability
72
What is CG?
Meeting point of all 3 axis
Tie an airplane to a string and it should be balanced
73
What is an accident?
Any person suffers death, serious injury, or aircraft is substantially damaged
74
What is an incident?
Occurrence other than an accident that may affect safety of operations
75
What is a serious injury?
Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours within 7 days of the incident
76
Who would file a report to NTSB?
Operator
77
How is the elevator controlled?
Steel push rods
78
What is the elevators build?
GFRP and sandwich construction
79
What is the rudders build?
GFRP and sandwich construction
80
What is the airframe made of?
GFRP
81
What is the construction for the airframe?
Semi-monocoque molded construction
Formers and stringers
82
What are the wings made of?
GFRP/CFRP
83
What are inside the wings?
Front and rear spar
84
What is the construction of the wings?
Sandwich construction
85
What is the empennage made of?
GFRP
86
What is the construction of the empennage?
Semi-monocoque construction
87
What type of tail does the DA-40 have?
T-tail
88
What construction is the rudder and elevator?
Sandwich construction
89
How is the Rudder operated?
Steel cables
90
How does the heater work?
Air inlet to space around the exhaust to the cabin
91
What is a risk to having the heater on?
Exhaust leaky cause CO2 poisoning
92
What are some actions that require immediate notification to the NTSB?
Aircraft accident
Flight control system malfunction/failure
Flight crew members unable to perform duties due to injury
In-flight fire
Aircraft collision in flight
Damage to property over $25,000
Runway incursions (Air Carrier)
93
When does a report need to be turned into NTSB?
10 days of accident, or as requested for incident
94
What is a bell crack?
Pivot point around a corner
95
What is the construction of the ailerons?
GFRP/CFRP sandwich
96
When should you open alternate air?
When intake is blocked, or engine has no air
97
How is the DA-40 ventilated?
From air inlets on the outside of the plane and controlled by twist knobs to control air flow
98
What engine do we have?
Lycoming-IO-360-M1A
99
How many cylinders are there?
4 cylinders
100
How many spark plugs are there?
8 spark plugs, 4 for each magneto
101
How is the engine opposed?
Horizontally
102
How big is the engine?
361 cubic inches
103
What are the 4 strokes in the engine?
Intake
Compression
Combustion
Exhaust
104
What is the HP of our engine?
180 HP @ 2700 RPM (sea level + ISA)
160 HP @ 2400 RPM (sea level + ISA)
105
What is a fuel injected system?
It uses a fuel pump to push fuel through a metering system. Then, the fuel flows through injector lines to each cylinder
106
What is a downfall of fuel injected system?
Fuel can vaporize on hot days
107
What is a downfall of a carburetor?
Carburator Icing
108
What is carburetor icing?
Air expansion and fuel evaporation in the venturi of the carburetor which can happen in high humidity and between 20-70 degrees Fahrenheit
109
How would you be able to tell if you got carburetor icing?
Fixed pitch: RPM drop
Constant speed: Manifold pressure drop
110
Do we have a wet sump or dry sump oil system?
Wet sump
111
What is a wet sump?
Oil pump takes oil from sump to moving parts in the engine
112
What is a dry sump?
Oil is stores in a separate tank which oil pumps must take to different parts of the engine
113
What is the point of a fuel tank vent?
Prevents tank from crumbling
114
What is an oil breather tube?
Prevents oil tank from crumbling
115
What fuel does the engine take?
100, 100LL, unleaded
116
What color would show if you mixed fuel?
Clear
117
What color is 100LL?
Blue
118
What color is 100?
Green
119
What is a Volt?
Reading of electrical potential energy
120
What is an Amp?
Amount of energy being used
121
What are the 4 systems of the electrical system?
Power generation
Storage
Distribution
Consumers
122
How many volts can we carry?
28 volts
123
How many amps can we carry?
24 Amps
124
How is electrical power distributed?
Busses
125
What will be powered with the emergency switch on?
Attitude Gyro
Flood lights
1.5 hours
126
What does the voltmeter display?
Potential for the main bus
127
What does the ammeter show?
Current with what the alternator is being loaded
128
When does stall warning horn go off?
5-10 knots before stall speed
129
How does the landing gear work on the DA-40?
Main landing gear sprung steel struts with a free-catering nose wheel sprung by an elastomer package
130
How do brakes work on the DA-40?
Hydraulically operated on the main landing gear by toe pedals
131
How is the canopy secured?
Steel bolts lock into mating holes in polyethylene blocks
132
What happens to the prop during High RPM?
Fine pitch
133
What happens to the prop during Low RPM?
Coarse pitch
134
How many fuel pumps are there?
1 mechanical and 1 electrical
135
What is the capacity of standard fuel tanks?
40 (20 + 20)
136
What is the capacity of the long range tanks?
50 (25 + 25)
137
What is AFCS?
Auto Flight Control System
138
What can maximize lateral stability?
Dihedral
Keel Effect
Sweptback Wings
139
What can maximize directional stability?
Tall vertical stab
140
What can maximize longitudinal stability
Fwd CG
141
What is the operating range for the oil temp?
149-230 F
142
What is the operating range for the CHT?
150-475 F
143
What is the operating range for the Oil pressure?
56-95 PSI
144
What is the operating range for the fuel pressure?
14-35 PSI
145
What is the operating range for the fuel flow?
1-20 GPH
146
What is the operating range for the volts?
25.1 - 30V
147
What is the operating range for the amps?
2 - 75 Amps
148
What is indicated altitude?
Altitude read directly from the altimeter with correct altimeter settings
149
What is Pressure altitude?
Altitude above standard 29.92 plane
150
What is Density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature
151
What is true altitude?
vertical distance above sea level
152
What is absolute altitude?
Distance between airplane and ground
153
What are the required documents?
Pilot certificate
Medical certificate
Government issued ID
154
What are the aircraft inspections?
Annual
VOR (30 days)
Inspections (phase, whatever)
AD's
Transponder (24 months)
E.L.T. (12 months)
Static system (24 months)
155
What is ISA?
15 Celsius
29.92 "HG
1013.25 mb
Sea level
156
What are the lapse rates?
Std: 2 Celcius/1000 ft.
Wet: 1 Celcius/1000 ft.
Dry: 3 celcius/1000 ft.
157
What is indicated airspeed?
Airspeed uncorrected for instrument + position errors
158
What is TAS?
Actual airspeed of plane flying through air
159
What is ground speed?
Speed over the ground
160
What is CAS?
IAS corrected for portion and instrument errors
161
What is EAS?
Over 200 knots and corrected for pressure air in front of pitot tube
162
What are the aircraft req'd documents?
Airworthiness certificate (no expire)
Registration (3 years)
Radio License (int'l only)
Operators manual
Weight and Balance
163
ATOMATOFLAMES?
Airspeed indicator
Tachometer
Oil Pressure gauge
Manifold pressure
Altimeter
Temperature gauge
Oil temp gauge
Fuel Gauge
Landing gear position indicator
Anti-collision lights
Magnetic compass
E.L.T
Safety belts
164
FLAPS?
Fuses
Landing lights
Anti-collision lights
Position lights
Source of energy
165
GRABCARDD?
Generator
Radio
Altimeter
Ball
Clock
Attitude coordinator
Rate of Turn
Directional Gyro
DME (Above 250)
166
How does high DA affect power?
Engine takes less air
167
How does high DA affect thrust?
Prop less efficient
168
How does high DA affect Lift?
Thin air exerts left lift on airfoils
169
What factors affects aircraft performance?
Aircraft weight
Atmospheric conditions
Runway environment
170
What would FWD CG do?
Increase longitudinal stability
Lower cruise speed
High stall speed
171
What would AFT CG do?
Decrease longitudinal stability
Higher cruise speed
Lower stall speed
172
Vso?
Stall speed landing configuration
173
Vs1?
Stall speed specified configuration
174
Vy?
Best rate of climb
175
Vx?
Best angle of climb
176
Vle?
Max speed which landing gear may be extended
177
Vlo?
Max speed where landing gear can be extended/retracted
178
Vfe?
Max. flaps extended speed
179
Va?
Max speed where limit load can be imposed w/o structural damage
180
Vno?
Max. Structural cruising speed
181
Vne?
Never exceed speed
182
What is the process for inop equipment?
Remove from aircraft/deactivate
Placard
Record in maintenance log
Pilot determines is safe to fly
183
What is a minimum equipment list?
List of items that must be operable to operate.
Approved by FAA
184
What is a special flight permit?
Allows plane to fly with dysfunctional equipment
Issued by local FSDO
Must be displayed in plane
185
What does FSDO stand for?
Flight standards District office
