Strength and Motor Performance

Question 1

3 basic components of phys fitness

Answer 1

1. muscular strength is ability to express muscular F
2. cardiorespiratory endurance is ability to carry out task over time
3. motor ability is components that permit individuals to perform specific tasks (P, v, agility, flexibility)

Question 2

4 classifications of motor activities

Answer 2

1. fine (precision and dexterity to manipulate task) and gross (entire body, large movements, locomotor activities)
2. discrete (clear beginning and end), cont (no apparent end/start, cyclic), and serial (seq of cont/discrete skills, complex)
3. closed (stable/predictable environ) or open skills (dynamic environ)
4. fundamental (locomotor > move whole body, non-locomotor > move specific body part, manipulative > move object) or specific skills (refinement of basic skills by combining/mod fundamental skills > sports)

Question 3

speed-accuarcy trade off

Answer 3

1. most common error of movement control occurs when performing task faster than normal
2. increase movement, decrease accuracy (increased number of aiming errors)

Question 4

1. motor performance
2. motor learning
3. practice

Answer 4

1. how you are doing in moment, unstable, affected by individual, task, or environmental constraints, not = learning
2. ongoing reorganization of CNS for relatively permanent changes to acquired capability for skilled performance resulting from practice/experience, not directly observed, inferred
3. deliberate attempt to achieve learning through experience

Question 5

performance curves:
1. negative acceleration
2. positive acceleration
3. ceiling effect
4. floor effect
5. performance curves v. retention test

Answer 5

1. rapid initial growth followed by diminishing returns from practice
2. little initial growth, rapid improvement over time
3. performance variable cannot increase
4. performance variable cannot decrease
5. performance curves show change during skill acquisition but do not show learning, retention test is better indication of learning

Question 6

sensory and motor performance

Answer 6

importance and reliance on sensory/afferent info to regulate movements through practice, when sig source of info is added after acquisition, dominance of sensory info causes greater attention to it and negligence of basis of acquisition

Question 7

measures of strength:
1. isometric strength
2. explosive strength/power
3. dynamic strength
4. muscular strength

Answer 7

1. F against ext resistance w/o change to muscle length
2. release max F/Torque in shortest amt of time
3. F/torque generated by repetitive contractions
4. ability tot repeat/maintain contraction over time

Question 8

Isometric strength in research
1. Purpose
2. Forearm physical fatigue protocol
3. specificity of learning effect
4. Conclusion

Answer 8

1. Calc max strength scores and/or used for baseline and finding confounding factor
2. 3 max voluntary contractions, 1 min rest b/w, measure F; if participants acquire a motor task under fatigue would there be a detriment to performance?
3. prev sensorimotor experience during learning will have a neg impact on performance of similar task
4. sensorimotor context is not detrimental, flexible to other contexts, evidence of physical fatigue in MVC scores

Question 9

motor performance in children
1. variability
2. development of motor performance

Answer 9

1. intraindividual and interindividual variability in performance among young children
2. fundamental motor skills dev in pre-school, basic motor skills dev by 6-7, mature skills dev turns basic into complex skills

Question 10

sex differences in performance in preschool children

Answer 10

1. boys have greater throwing distance and stronger grip
2. girls have greater balancee

Question 11

sex differences in performance in middle childhood and adolescence
1. overview
2. static strength and muscular endurance
3. balance and flexibility

Answer 11

1. strength and motor performance improves with age; sex difference greatest during adolescent growth spurt and sexual maturation
2. in males linear increase with age until 13-14, accelerate strength dev; in females linear with age; similar increases for males with other strength, endurance, speed, jumping, throwing, agility tasks
3. girls generally have better balance and flexibility

Question 12

why are there strength-related sex differences?

Answer 12

combination of:
1. biological changes in maturation and adipose tissue accumulation
2. socio-cultural factors for interests, expectations, motivation, limited opportunity for certain physical activities

Question 13

internal v. external focus of attention

Answer 13

can be based off instructions
1. internal focus on body or body parts during motor tasks
2. external focus on objects/ideas outside of body during motor tasks