Stress and Emotion

Question 1

James- Lange Theories of Emotion

Answer 1

stimulus triggers autonomic/ skeletal response which triggers emotion
- fight or flight- autonomic response necessary for emotion

Question 2

Cannon- Bard Theories of emotion

Answer 2

stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion
- response independent of emotion

Question 3

More recent third theory of emotion

Answer 3

More recently, a third theory has been reached that suggests that each of the three
factors in an emotional response—the perception of the emotion-inducing stimulus, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimulus, and the experience of emotion

Question 4

The limbic system

Answer 4

(hypothalamus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus)

Question 5

Emotions

Answer 5

Papez proposed an emotional
circuit (limbic system) that
includes the hypothalamus

Question 6

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 6

connects smell/taste to memories

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

bodily functions

Question 8

amygdala

Answer 8

fear and aggression

Question 9

hippocampus

Answer 9

memory (long term)

Question 10

Medial Prefrontal lobe

Answer 10

portions of orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex

Question 11

Two theories of emotion

Answer 11

right-hemisphere: dominant for all aspects of emotion
valence model: specializes in negative emotions

Question 12

Bilateral ECT

Answer 12

causes a seizure (electro-seizure therapy)

Question 13

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 13

The evidence suggests the answer lies somewhere between total emotional
specificity and total emotional generality.

Question 14

Polygraphy

Answer 14

control? technique: psychological response to a target? compared w/ response to control?
guilty knowledge technique: asking ?’s that only the culprit would know the answer to

Question 15

Facial Expressions

Answer 15

• appears to be universal
• 6 primary emotions
• naturally occurring expressions are usually variations of basic ones

Question 16

6 facial expressions

Answer 16

(1) anger, (2) fear, (3) happiness, (4)
surprise, (5) sadness, and (6) disgust.

Question 17

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 17

smiling makes you happier; facial muscles
influence emotional experience

Question 18

Micro expressions

Answer 18

brief facial expressions reveal true feelings; may
break through false ones

Question 19

Fear

Answer 19

emotional reaction to a threat

Question 20

Defense mechanisms

Answer 20

designed to protect

Question 21

Agression

Answer 21

intended to threaten or harm

Question 22

Neural mechanisms of fear conditioning

Answer 22

• pair of neutral stimuli w/ am aversive stimulus
• present the tone later and the animal will show a conditioned fear response (defense mechanism)

Question 23

Amygdala and fear

Answer 23

• lesions of the amygdala block fear conditioning
• receives input from all sensory systems
• protects to brain stem regions
• appears to be responsible for adding emotional significance to another stimulus

Question 24

Contextual conditioning and hippocampus

Answer 24

• the hippocampus is linked to spatial memory
• effect of bilateral hippocampal lesions on contextual conditioning

Question 25

Stress

Answer 25

- reaction to harm and threat - stressors: stimuli that cause stress - chronic psychological stress: most clearly linked to ill health - is adaptive; in long term (maladaptive)

Question 26

stress response

Answer 26

stress triggers stress hormone: anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex system and cytokines - can cause fever and inflammation

Question 27

Psychosomatic Disorders

Answer 27

Gastric-Ulcers: lesions of the stomach lining and duodenum - common when stressed - caused by bacteria - 75% of us have this bacteria

Question 28

immune system

Answer 28

The immune system puts up barriers to keep the body from being taken over by invading microorganisms. - chronic stress impairs immune system

Question 29

stress influence

Answer 29

acute stressors: improve the immune system chronic stressors: impair the immune system - stress of mistreatment early in life may cause brain abnormalities

Question 30

early experiences of stress

Answer 30

* Early experience of stress can adversely affect subsequent development * Often increases the intensity of subsequent stress responses. * Mediated by increased glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus.