Stress and health

Question 1

Cortisol release and HPA functioning is not always true for stress, reductionist view

Answer 1

Otovic and Hutchinson 2015

Question 2

Pickering and Pottinger 1989

Answer 2

Prolonged HPA activation and cortisol release suppresses immune functioning and increases risk of chronic disease
Suggested mortality increase due to an increase in susceptibility

Question 3

Increased HPA axis activity is linked with osteoporosis, hypertension, Tpe 2 diabetes and illness susceptibility

Answer 3

Lips et al 2009

Question 4

Fleshner 2005

Answer 4

SNS over activity can lead to heart failure and immunosuppression

Question 5

PNS overactivity: promotion of bronchoconstriction (asthma) or exaggerated vasodilation and compromised blood circulation
Asthma - increased severity

Answer 5

Wright et al 2000

Question 6

Bernston 2018

Answer 6

Continuous activation of nervous system impacts other bodily systems, increasing recovery time and decreasing physical health
Particularly gastrointestinal and digestive systems

Question 7

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the scientific field investigating linkages between brain, behaviour and immune system and the implications of these linkages for physical health and disease

Answer 7

Kemeny & Gruenewald, 1999

Question 8

Bjorndal 2019

Answer 8

Stressed brain, changes to physical structure of the brain and lead to decreased immune functioning

Question 9

PNI perspective - stress of surgical removal of tumour can promote tumour metastasis, increased cell-mediated immunity and neuroendocrine mechanisms

Answer 9

Ben-Eliyahu, 2003

Question 10

Mercado et al 1995

Answer 10

Slower wound healing with increased stress

Question 11

Increased self-reported worrying is predictive of slower healing time

Answer 11

Christian et al 2006

Question 12

Schaumer and Renshaw 2018

Answer 12

Masectomy breast reconstruction

Perceived stress and sibjective wound healig - salivary cortisol enzyme immunoassay increased

Question 13

It is the reduction in T cells and immunity functioning which slow wound healing

Answer 13

Walburn 2018

Question 14

Baum 1990 (stress definition)

Answer 14

Stress = negative emotional experiences accompanied by biological, psychological and social changes, directed by manipulating the situation to alter the stressor or by accommodating its effects

Question 15

Stress ecperiences in very early life can alter the responsiveness of the nervous and immune system

Answer 15

Graham et al 2006

Question 16

Misra et al 2003

Answer 16

Pregnancy is shaped by the very forces which also play a vital role in experiencing stress - psychological, behavioural, environmental and biological forces

Question 17

Prenatal exposure to stress has been linked with adverse health outcomes and a predisposition to stressors throughout development in later life

Answer 17

Entringer 2013

Question 18

Endocrine changes related to stress play an essential role in intrauterine development and are likely to produce alterations of structur and function of the brain and peripheral physiological systems of the child

Answer 18

Entringer 2013

Question 19

Monk 2001

Answer 19

Exposure to stress during development may predispose the baby to emotional problems in later life

Question 20

Stress has adverse effects on brain development in childhood, and may offer insight into the early life origins of many adult diseases

Answer 20

Garner et al 2012

Question 21

Malarkey et al 2011

Answer 21

Adverse or stressful events in childhood have been linked with an increase in prevalence of several mental health disorders

Question 22

Link between role of environment and stressors during childhood development and adverse childhood experiences

Answer 22

Zugman et al 2012

Question 23

Christian et al 2006

Answer 23

The predispositions to stress throughout development have a significant in adulthood
Decrease in immune functioning

Question 24

Individuals who experience stress in childhood show a greater stress hormone response to acute stress in adulthood are more likely to spend increased time reacting to stress rather than in a ‘normal’ state - exhaustion

Answer 24

Graham et al 2006

Question 25

Shields et al 2014

Answer 25

Greater lifetime stress severity and lower levels of forgiveness each predicted worse mental and physical health
Predisposition to negative health behaviours e.g. smoking and alcoholism

Question 26

Stress adversity inventory: measured individuals’ lifetime exposure to different types of stress and influence on later life

Answer 26

Slavich and Shields 2018