Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is a Neuron?
A
The basic signaling unit that transmits information throughout the nervous system that (1) takes in information (2)makes a “decision” about it following some relatively simple rules (3)passes information on (4)varies in form, location and interconnectivity
2
Q
Soma
A
Cell body of a neuron
3
Q
Dendrites
A
Branching extensions of the neuron that receive inputs from other neurons
4
Q
Axon
A
a single process that extends from the cell body wrapped in myelin
5
Q
Axon Collaterals
A
when axons branch so they can transmit signals to more than one cell
6
Q
Synaptic Cleft
A
gap between neurons at the synapse
7
Q
Glial Cells
A
Non-neural cells that (1) provide structural support (2) electrical insulation (3) modulate neuronal activity Types: Astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells
8
Q
Central Nervous System
A
command and control center (1) brain (2) spinal cord
9
Q
Nervous System
A
(1) central nervous system (2) peripheral nervous system
10
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
courier network (1)autonomic nervous system
11
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
controls involuntary action of smooth muscles, the heart, and various glands (1) sympathetic nervous system (2) parasympathetic nervous system
12
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
fight or flight uses norepinephrine
13
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
rest and digest uses acetylcholine
14
Q
Grey Matter
A
neuronal cell bodies
15
Q
White Matter
A
axons and glial cells
16
Q
The Spinal Cord
A
Takes in sensory information from the body’s peripheral sensory receptors, relays it to the brain, and conducts the final motor signals from the brain to muscles
17
Q
Rostral
A
“nose”
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Q
Caudal
A
“tail”
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Q
Ventral
A
“belly”
20
Q
Dorsal
A
“back”
21
Q
Sagittal
A
divided into right and left halves
22
Q
Midsagittal
A
divided in equal right and left halves (down the middle)
23
Q
Coronal
A
divided into front and back halves
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Q
Axial (transverse)
A
divided into top and bottom halves
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Lateral vs medial , superior vs inferior
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Lamina
Row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
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Ipsilateral
on the same side
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Neuroaxis
Refers to the axis of the nervous system and references the direct of embryon development.
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Nucelus
cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS
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Nerve
bundle of axons in the periphery, outside of CNS
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Column
set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex with similar properties
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Tract
(projections)
set of axons within the CNS, usually referring from origin of cell bodes to where neuron synapses onto post-synaptic cell
33
Tailirach Coordinates
x = Right (+) or left (+)
y = Anterior (+), posterior(-)
z = Superior (+) , inferior (-)
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Ways to divide the brain
Talairach Coordinates (x,y,z) Brodmann Areas
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Subcortical Region
(1)the brainstem (hindbrain and midbrain) (2)the diencephalon (3)the telencephalon
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The Brainstem
Both hindbrain and midbrain
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The Hindbrain
(1) the medulla (myelencephalon) (2) the pons and cerebellum (metencephalon)
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The Medulla
Most caudal portion It controls (1) respiration (2) heart rate (3) arousal All ascending somatosensory info passes through it (motor axons) Known as the relay station for sensory and motor info between the body and the brain
39
Pons
Main connection between the brain and the cerebellum
Anterior to medulla
Important for (1) some eye, face and mouth movements
(2) some auditory information is channeled through it structure
(3) contains a large portion of the *reticular formation* that modulates arousal
(4) generates *rapid eye movement* (REM sleep)
40
Cerebellum
Clings to brainstem at level of the pons
Home to most of the brains neurons
Important for (1) maintaining posture (2) walking (3)modifies motor outflow for smooth coordinated movements (4) implicated in aspects of cognitive processing including language, attention, learning and mental imagery
41
The Midbrain
superior to the pons and surround the cerebral aqueducts
(1) Tectum
(2) Tegmentum
(3) Superior Colliculus
(4) Inferior Colliculus
(5) red nucleus
42
Diencephalon
(1) Thalamus
(2) Hypothalamus
43
Thalamus
Part of the diencephalon
Almost center of brain/top of brainstem
"gateway to cortex" - except for some olfactory inputs all of the sensory modalities make synaptic realys in the thalamus before continuing to the primary cortical sensory receiving areas
Involved in (1) relaying primary sensory information
(2) receives inputs form the basal gangli, cerebellum, neocortex and medial temporal lobe
Divided into nuclei (1) lateral geniculate nucleus
(2) medial geniculate nucleus
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Tectum
"roof"
dorsal portion of the midbrain
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Tegmentum
"covering:
ventral portion of the midbrain
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Superior Colliculus
Part of the midbrain
Plays a role in perceiving objects in the periphery and orienting our gaze directly toward them, bringing them into sharper view
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Inferior Colliculus
Part of the midbrain
Plays a role in locating and orienting toward auditory stimuli
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Receives info from the ganglion cells of the retina and sends axons to the primary visual cortex
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Nuclei of the Thalamus
Receives information from the inner ear and sends axons to the primary auditory cortex
50
Hypothalamus
Part of the Diencephalon
Main link between nervous system and endocrine system
Involved in (1) receiving input from the limbic system structures and other brain areas (2) controls circadian rhythms (3) maintains homeostasis (4) drives behavior to alleviate feelings such as thurst, hunger and fatigue (5) controls body temp
It accomplished most of this work via *pituitary gland* (base of hypothalamus)
51
Telencephalon
Contains the (1) Limbic system and (2) basil ganglia
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Limbic System
Part of the Telencephalon
system for emotional behavior
Made of (1) cingulate gyrus (2) hypothalamus (3) hippocampus and (4) amygdala
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Forebrain
Diencephalon and Telencephalon
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Hippocampus
memory
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Amygdala
A group of neurons anterior to the hippocampus
emotion regulation
part of the limbic system
56
Cingulate Gyrus
A band of cerebral cortex that extends above the corpus callosum in the anterior-posterior direction and spans both the frontal and parietal lobes
57
Basil Ganglia
A collection of nuclei bilaterally located beneath the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles near the thalamus.
Plays a role in reward based leaning and goal-oriented behavior
Part of the telencephalon
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Nuceli of Basil Ganglia
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Striatum
receives extensive feedback projections from the thalamus
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
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Ganglion
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
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Cortical Region
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Sucli
crevices
Precentral sulcus, central sulcus, postcentral sulcus, interparietal suclus etc
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Gyri
Crowns of the folded tissue that one observes when viewing the surface
Lateral occipital gyrus, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus and more
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Fissure
Deep sucli
Sylvian (lateral) fissure - seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
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Anatomical Divisions of Cortex
(1)Frontal lobe (2) parietal lobe (3) temporal lobe (4) occipital lobe
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Frontal Lobe
Contains (1) olfactory bulb (2) orbitofrontal cortex (3) primary motor cotrex/precentral gyrus (4) broca's area
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Longitudingal Fissure
also known as interhemispheric fissure
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Transverse Fissure
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Olfactory Bulb
in frontal lobe
responsible for the sensation of smell (CN1)
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Orbitofrontal Cortex
in Frontal lobe
decision-making; regard learning; monitoring
sight of frontal lobotomies
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Primary Motor Cortex/precentral gyrus
helps plan and execute motor
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Broca's Area
Controls facial neurons, speech, and language production.
Located on left frontal lobe.
73
Phineas Gage
Damage to frontal lobe
reported changes in behavior and effects on personality
74
Parietal Lobe
Responsible for (1) spatial awareness (2) perception (3) proprioception (4) sensation and (5) integration of senses
Contains: Primary Somatosensory cortex, Somatosensory Association cortex and Primary Gustatory cortex
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
receives information about touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb proprioception
(postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe)
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Somatosensory Association Cortex
Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May also assist with visuo-motor coordination
(parietal lobe)
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Primary Gustatory Cortex
(parietal lobe)
Primary site involved with the interpretation of the snesation of taste
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Temporal lobe
Important for (1) hearing (2) language (organization and comprehension) (3) memory (encoding and retrieval)
Contains: Primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, annd wernike's area
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Primary Auditory Cortex
hearing
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Primary Olfactory Cortex
interprets sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via olfactory bulbs
(parietal lobe)
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Wernike's Area
Language comprehension
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Wernike's Aphasia
Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood and sentence formation may be inhibited or nonsensical
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Occipital Lobe
Contains Primary visual cortex and visual association area
84
Primary Visual Cortex
V1/ striate cortex
Receives visual information relayed from the laterl geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
85
Visual Association Area
Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
86
Topographical Mapping
Spatial relationships of the body have been mapped out
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Sylvian Fissure
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Left hemisphere
89
Right hemisphere
visiospatial tasks
linked to one aspect of speech perception (prosody - the connotative aspect of oral language and the way we vary articulation to convey affect or interaction)
efficient detection of upright faces
90
Corpus Callosum
main connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Corpus callostomy - split brain sugery (used to treat intractable epilepsy when other forms of treatment fail)
