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CLASS 21025 UNIT 9 NEURO > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

DESCRIBE

The brain

A

surrounded by the skull and contains about 100 billion neurons

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2
Q

DESCRIBE

Spinal Cord

A

Connects to the brain and is surrounded by the bones of the vertebral column

contains about 100 million neurons

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3
Q

DESCRIBE

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves numbered I-XII that emerge from the base of the brain

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4
Q

DESCRIBE

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord each serving a specific region of the body

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5
Q

DESCRIBE

Sensory Recrptors

A

Specialized cells that monitor change in the internal and external environment.
(photoreceptors in the retina of the eye)

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6
Q

DESCRIBE

Ganglia

A

small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord
(dorsal root ganglion)

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7
Q

DESCRIBE

Enteric Plexus

A

Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the GI tract that help regulate the digestive system

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8
Q

Tasks of the Nervous System

A

Smell
Touch
Temp
Producing Speech
Remembering Past Events
Provides signals that control body movement
regulates the operation of the internal organs

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9
Q

3 Basic Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory function afferent
  2. Intergrative function
  3. Motor function (efferent)
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10
Q

DEFINE

Sensory Function afferent

A

detects int/ext stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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11
Q 
DEFINE
Integrative Function (information processing)
A

Perception=awareness of sensory input

Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

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12
Q 
DEFIN
Motor Function (efferent)
A

Once integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

HISTOLOGY

Neurons

A

Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

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14
Q

HISTOLOGY

Neuroglia

A

Function to provide support, nourishment, and protection

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15
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Cell Body

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

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16
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Dendrites

A

Highly branched structues that carry impulses to the cell body

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17
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Axon

A

conducts away from the cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland.

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18
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Axon Terminals

A

Contain synaptic vesicles that can release NT

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19
Q

STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF NEURONS

Multipolar

A

1) Have several or many dendrites and one axon

2) Most common type in brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF NEURONS

Bipolar

A

Have one dendrite and one axon

retina of eye and inner earr

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21
Q

STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF NEURONS

Unipolar

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Have fused dendrite and axon

2) Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

22
Q

NEUROGLIA

characteristics

Study These Flashcards
A

(a) Support, nourish, and protect neurons
(b) Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons
(c) Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons
(d) Make up about half the volume of the CNS

23
Q

NEUROGLIA

Functions

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses
2) Support, nourish and protect neurons
3) In case of injury or disease, neuroglia can multiply to fill in space
formerly occupied by neurons

24
Q

NEUROGLIA

Types

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Astrocytes form blood brain barrier (CNS)
2) Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS (CNS)
3) Microglia protects CNS cells from disease (CNS)
4) Ependymal cells form CSF in ventricles (CNS)
5) Schwann cells produce myelin around PNS neurons (PNS)
6) Satellite cells support neurons in PNS ganglia (PNS)

25
MYELINATION | Characteristics
(a) Most axon are surrounded by a myelin sheath (b) Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse (c) Myelin increases from birth to maturity (d) Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin along the axon (e) Disease such as Multiple Sclerosis and Tay-Sachs destroy myelin sheaths
26
CLUSTERS OF NERVOUS TISSUE | Ganglion
Cluster of cell bodies in PNS
27
CLUSTERS OF NERVOUS TISSUE | Nucleus
Cluster of cell bodies in CNS
28
BUNDLES OF AXONS | Nerve
Bundle of axons in PNS
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BUNDLES OF AXONS | Tract
Bundle of axons in CNS
30
White matter
Primarily myelinated axons
31
Gray matter
Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon | terminals, neuroglia
32
LOCATION OF GRAY MATTER
Brain: | Gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)
33
LOCATION OF WHITE MATTER
Spinal cord: White matter (tracts) surround centrally located gray matter “H” or “butterfly”
34
NEURON REGENERATION | PNS neurons
1) Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional. 2) These form a regeneration tube and grow axons or dendrites if scar tissue does not fill the tube
35
NEURON REGENERATION | CNS neurons
1) Very limited even if cell body is intact | 2) Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues
36
ACTION POTENTIAL | Action
Action potentials, or nerve impulses, allow for communication between neurons
37
ACTION POTENTIAL | Requires
1) A resting membrane potential | 2) Ion channels
38
ACTION POTENTIAL | Ion channels
Allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration a) Leakage channels allow ions to leak through b) Gate channels open and close on command c) The distribution of ions produces the resting membrane potential
39
ACTION POTENTIAL | Whats necessary for initial event
STIMULUS 1) Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Sodium (Na+ ) 2) Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (~ –55 mv) 3) If threshold is reached, an action potential arises(“all or nothing response”)
40
ACTION POTENTIAL | Depolarizing phase
Voltage gated Na+ channels open ~ as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive (–70 ~ 0 ~ + 30 mv)
41
ACTION POTENTIAL | Repolarizing phase
Voltage gated K+ channels open ~ as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+ 30 ~ 0 ~ –70 mv)
42
CONDUCTION OF A NERVE IMPULSE | propagation
when nerve impulses travel from where they arise (axon hillock), along the axon to the axon terminal. 1) Each section triggers the adjacent segment distally as even more Na+ channels are opened
43
CONDUCTION OF A NERVE IMPULSE | Continuous conduction
a) In unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane b) Slower form
44
CONDUCTION OF A NERVE IMPULSE | Saltatory conduction
In myelinated axons, Nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to “leap” from one node to the next
45
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
(a) Synapses allow neurons to communicate with other neurons or effectors 1) Neuromuscular junction (neuron-muscle fiber) 2) Neuroglandular junction (neuron-gland) (b) Triggered by action potential (nerve impulse) (c) Components of synapse: 1) Presynaptic neuron: Sending neuron (releases neurotransmitter) 2) Synaptic cleft: Space between neurons 3) Postsynaptic neuron: Receiving neuron (has receptors that bind to neurotransmitter) (d) Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulb (e) Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels 1) Ca2+ flows into presynaptic cytosol (f) Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (g) Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft (h) NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane (i) NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane (j) Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted (k) If threshold reached (-55mV) then postsynaptic AP results and nerve impulse is triggered (l) One-way transmission: Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon. (m)NT removed from cleft via diffusion, destruction by enzymes such as Achase, or transport back into presynaptic cell (recycling)
46
NEUROTRANSMISSION | Acetylcholine:
Common in PNS 1) Stimulatory (on skeletal muscles) 2) Inhibitory (on cardiac muscle)
47
NEUROTRANSMISSION | Amino acids
Glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
48
NEUROTRANSMISSION | Modified amino acids
Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin
49
NEUROTRANSMISSION | 2 others
1. Neuropeptides such as endorphins | 2. Nitric oxide (NO)
50
ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE | Central Nervous System
(a) Consists of the brain and spinal cord | (b) Source of thoughts, emotions, and memories
51
ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE | Peripheral Nervous System
(a) Includes all the nervous tissue outside the central nervous system 1) Include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory nerves (b) Can be subdivided into the 1) Somatic nervous system (SNS) 2) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 3) Enteric nervous system (ENS) (c) Somatic Nervous System 1) Sensory neurons: Convey info from head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste smell) to CNS 2) Motor neurons: Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary control) (d) Autonomic nervous system 1) Sensory neurons: Convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS 2) Motor neurons: Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control) a) Sympathetic: “fight or flight” b) Parasympathetic: “rest and digest” (e) Enteric Nervous System “Brain of the gut” a) Sensory neurons: Monitor chemical changes in GI tract, stretching of walls b) Motor neurons: Regulate contractions, acid secretion, endocrine cell secretions c) Involuntary control

CLASS 21025 UNIT 9 NEURO (6 decks)

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