STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

What is a system of ducts consisting of the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra?

Answer 1

Testes

Question 2

What are the accessory sex glands?

Answer 2

1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate
3. Bulbourethral glands

Question 3

What are paired oval glands that develop and produce sperm and secrete hormones?

Answer 3

The testes

Question 4

What are dense white fibrous capsules that extend inward and divide each testis into terminal compartments?

Answer 4

Lobules

Question 5

What produces sperm by a process called spermatogenesis and is lined with spermatogenic cells?

Answer 5

Seminiferous Tubules

Question 6

What is located between the developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules, support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells; phagocytize degenerating spermatogenic cells; secrete fluid for sperm transport; and release of the hormone inhibin, which regulate sperm production?

Answer 6

Sertoli cells

Question 7

What cells are located between the seminiferous tubules, these cells secrete the hormone testosterone?

Answer 7

Leydig cells

Question 8

What hormone promotes the development of masculine characteristics?

Answer 8

Androgen

Question 9

What hormone promotes a man libido?

Answer 9

Testosterone

Question 10

What is known as a pouch that supports the testes and consists of loose skin, superficial fascia, and smooth muscle?

Answer 10

Scrotum

Question 11

True or False

The production and survival of sperm is optimal at a temperature that is about 2-3 degrees Celsius above normal body temperature

Answer 11

False
The production and survival of sperm is optimal at a temperature that is about 2-3 degrees celsius BELOW normal body temperature

Question 12

What is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm?

Answer 12

Spermatogenesis

Question 13

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

Answer 13

1. Meiosis I
2. Meiosis II
3. Spermiogenesis

Question 14

What are diploid cells?

Answer 14

Somatic cells that contain two sets of chromosomes

Question 15

True or false

Gametes differ from somatic cells because they only contain a single set of 23 chromosomes (Haploid)

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The time from onset of cell division in a spermatogonium until sperm are released into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is how long?

Answer 16

65-75 days

Question 17

True or False

Spermatogonia contain the diploid number of chromosomes (46)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Are spermatocytes diploid like spermatogonia?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What is the net effect of meiosis I?

Answer 19

Each resulting cell contains a haploid set of chromosomes

Question 20

What are the cells formed by meiosis I?

Answer 20

haploid secondary spermatocytes (23 (replicated) chromosomes)

Question 21

Each chromosome within a secondary spermatocyte is made up of what?

Answer 21

Two chromatids (two copies of DNA) still attached by a centromere

Question 22

Is there further DNA replication in Meiosis II?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What are the cells formed from meiosis II that contain 23 chromosomes, each of which is composed of a single chromatid?

Answer 23

spermatids

Question 24

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis in which each haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell?

Answer 24

Spermiogenesis

Question 25

Sperm are produced at the rate of about what per day?

Answer 25

300 million per day

Question 26

Once ejaculated how long do sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?

Answer 26

no more than 48 hours

Question 27

What part of the sperm contains DNA and an acrosome?

Answer 27

The head

Question 28

What is a vesicle containing enzymes that aid in the penetration by the sperm into the secondary oocyte?

Answer 28

Acrosome

Question 29

The tail of the sperm is subdivided into what four parts?

Answer 29

1. neck 2. middle piece 3. principal piece 4. end piece

Question 30

What part of the sperms tail contains mitochondria that provide ATP for locomotion?

Answer 30

middle piece

Question 31

What is the longest portion of the sperms tail?

Answer 31

Principal piece

Question 32

True or False Following spermatogensis, pressure generated by the continual release of sperm and fluid secreted by sustentacular cells propel sperm and fluid through the seminiferous tubules and into the epididymis

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis?

Answer 33

Epididymis

Question 34

What is the site of sperm maturation?

Answer 34

Ductus epididymis

Question 35

The ductus epididymis also stores and helps propel sperm during sexual arousal into the what?

Answer 35

Ductus vas deferens

Question 36

How long does it normally take for sperm to gain motility?

Answer 36

10-14 days

Question 37

Beyond the epididymis, the duct is termed what?

Answer 37

Ductus deferens or vas deferens

Question 38

What has a heavy coat of three layers of muscle and stores sperm, which can remain viable for up to several months?

Answer 38

ductus deferens

Question 39

What is the supporting structure of the male reproductive system?

Answer 39

Spermatic cord

Question 40

What are formed by the union of the duct from the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles?

Answer 40

Ejaculatory ducts

Question 41

What is the terminal duct of the male reproductive system, serving as a passageway for both sperm and urine?

Answer 41

Urethra

Question 42

In the male, the urethra passes through where?

Answer 42

1. prostate 2. deep perineal muscles 3. penis

Question 43

The opening of the urethra to the exterior is called the what?

Answer 43

External urethral orifice

Question 44

What are pouch-like structures, lying posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum?

Answer 44

Seminal vesicles

Question 45

True or False The alkaline nature of the fluid secreted by seminal vesicles helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate and kill sperm

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is used for ATP production by sperm?

Answer 46

Fructose

Question 47

What contributes to sperm motility and viability and may also stimulate muscular contraction within the female reproductive tract?

Answer 47

Prostaglandins

Question 48

What helps semen coagulate after ejaculation?

Answer 48

Clotting proteins

Question 49

Fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles normally constitute about what percentage of the volume of semen?

Answer 49

60%

Question 50

What is a single, doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a golf ball?

Answer 50

The prostate

Question 51

Prostatic secretions make up about what percentage of the volume of semen?

Answer 51

25%

Question 52

What are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra and during sexual arousal secrete an alkaline substance into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra?

Answer 52

Bulbourethral glands

Question 53

Semen is a mixture of sperm and the secretions of what?

Answer 53

1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate 3. bulbourethral glands

Question 54

What is the volume of semen in a typical ejaculation?

Answer 54

2.5-5 mL, with 50-150 million sperm per mL

Question 55

When the number of sperm per mL falls below what does it indicate possible male infertility?

Answer 55

20 million per mL

Question 56

What is the typical pH of semen?

Answer 56

7.2-7.7

Question 57

What gives semen a milky appearance and fluids from where give it a sticky consistency?

Answer 57

1. Prostatic secretions | 2. seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands

Question 58

What is cylindrical in shape and consists of a root, a body, and the glans penis?

Answer 58

Penis

Question 59

What is the attached portion of the penis?

Answer 59

Root

Question 60

The two dorsolateral masses of tissue of the body of the penis are called what?

Answer 60

Copora cavernosa penis

Question 61

What is the smaller midventral mass of tissue in the penis that contains the urethra?

Answer 61

corpus spongiosum penis

Question 62

What is the slightly enlarged region of the penis at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 62

Glans penis

Question 63

What covers the glans in an uncircumcised penis?

Answer 63

loosely fitting prepuce (foreskin)

Question 64

What impulses cause release of neurotransmitters and local hormones, including the gas nitric oxide, which relaxes vascular smooth muscle in the penile arteries?

Answer 64

Parasympathetic impulses

Question 65

Ejaculation is a sympathetic reflex that is coordinated by what?

Answer 65

lumbar portion of the spinal cord

Question 66

At the onset of puberty, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus increase their secretion of what?

Answer 66

Gonadtropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 67

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase the secretion of what?

Answer 67

1. Luteinizing hormone (LH) | 2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 68

LH stimulates Leydig cells, which are located between the seminiferous tubules, to secrete the hormone what?

Answer 68

Testosterone

Question 69

What is testosterone synthesized from?

Answer 69

Cholesterol in the testes

Question 70

What is the principal androgen in males?

Answer 70

Testosterone

Question 71

In some target cells, such as those in the external genitals and prostate, an enzyme converts testosterone to another androgen called what?

Answer 71

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 72

What two hormones act together to stimulate spermatogenesis?

Answer 72

1. FSH | 2. Testosterone

Question 73

Once the degree of spermatogenesis required for male reproductive functions has been achieved, what cells release inhibin, a hormone named for its inhibition of FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 73

Sertoli cells

Question 74

What does inhibin do?

Answer 74

Inhibits the secretion of hormones needed for spermatogenesis

Question 75

Before birth, what stimulates the male pattern of development of reproductive system ducts and the descent of testes?

Answer 75

Testosterone

Question 76

What stimulates the development of external genitals?

Answer 76

DHT

Question 77

Testosterone is also converted in the brain to what, which may play a role in the development of certain regions of the brain in males?

Answer 77

Estrogens (feminizing hormones)

Question 78

At puberty, what hormones bring about development and enlargement of the male sex organs and the development of masculine secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 78

Testosterone and DHT

Question 79

What contribute to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis and to sex drive (libido) in both males and females?

Answer 79

Androgens

Question 80

Androgens are anabolic hormones; that is, they stimulate what?

Answer 80

Protein synthesis