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CLASS 22010 Endocrine > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

These are all major glands of what system?

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Pancreas
  6. Adrenals
  7. Ovaries and Testes
  8. Pineal gland
A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

What glands secrete hormones to regulate many bodily functions, including growth and metabolism?

A

Major glands of the endocrine system

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3
Q

True or False

Like the nervous system, the endocrine system is one of the body’s main communicators

A

True

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4
Q

What is a specific cell with specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones?

A

Target Cell

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5
Q

True or False

Only the target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone

A

True

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6
Q

All target cells will have how many receptors for a particular hormone?

A

2,000-100,000

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7
Q

True or False

Hormones are either lipid-soluble or water-soluble

A

True

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8
Q

Are these lipid or water soluble?

  1. steroid hormones
  2. thyroid hormones
  3. nitric oxide
A

Lipid soluble

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9
Q

Are these lipid or water soluble?

  1. amino acids
    a. short-chain; antidiuretic hormone
    b. long-chain; insulin
A

Water soluble

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10
Q

Hormones influence their target cells by chemically binding to what?

A

specific protein receptors

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11
Q

True or False

only the target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone

A

True

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12
Q

What is known as the master switchboard because it’s the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What acts as the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What hangs by a thin stalk from the hypothalamus and is called the master gland of the body because it regulates the activity of the endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary glands

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15
Q

What is the total number of hormones that the hypothalamus secretes?

A

9

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16
Q

What is the total number of hormones that the pituitary gland secretes?

A

7

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17
Q

Together the hormones secreted by what play an important role in regulating virtually all aspects of growth, devlopment, metabolism, and homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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18
Q

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

a stalk like structure, the infundibulum

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19
Q

Within the infundibulum, blood vessels termed what connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary and carries hormones secreted by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

FSH and LH

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21
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

HGH and IGF

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22
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

A

HGH and IGF

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23
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

TSH

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24
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

PR

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25
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

A

PR

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26
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

ACTH

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27
Q

What is a gland about the size of a small grape that is divided into two lobes?

A

Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)

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28
Q

Both lobes of the pituitary gland rest in the what?

A

Hypophyseal fossa

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29
Q

What is a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone?

A

hypophyseal fossa

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30
Q

What is a hormone that stimulates the endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones?

A

Tropic Hormones

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31
Q

What hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of Insulinlike Growth Factors(IGFs)

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

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32
Q

What are proteins secreted mainly by cells in the liver, but is also secreted by cells in the skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues in response to stimulation of hGH ?

A

Insulinlike Growth Factors (IGFs)

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33
Q

What stimulates protein synthesis, help maintain muscle and bones mass, and promote healing of injury and tissue repair?

A

IGFs

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34
Q

What enhances the breakdown of triglycerides, which release fatty acid into the blood, and breakdown of liver glycogen, which releases glucose into the blood?

A

IGFs

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35
Q

What maintains blood concentration by means of a negative feedback loop?

A

hGH

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36
Q

What two hypothalamic hormones control secretion of hGH?

A
  1. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
    a. low blood glucose levels
  2. Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
    a. above normal blood glucose levels
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37
Q

What stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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38
Q

What hormone from the hypothalamus controls TSH secretion?

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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39
Q

What hormone initiates the development of ovarian follicles and stimulates follicular cells to excrete estrogen in females?

A

Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)

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40
Q

What hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes of men?

A

Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)

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41
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus controls the secretion of what?

A

Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)

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42
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation, stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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43
Q

What hormone along with FSH stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen?

A

LH

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44
Q

What hormones in males stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone?

A

LH

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45
Q

What hormone from the hypothalamus controls LH secretion?

A

GnRH

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46
Q

What initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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47
Q

What suppresses the release of prolactin (PRL) most of the time?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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48
Q

During pregnancy, very high levels of estrogens promote secretion of what, which in turn stimulates the release of prolactin?

A

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)

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49
Q

What controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids by the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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50
Q

What hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of ACTH?

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

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51
Q

What hormone is found in small levels in humans and excessive amounts can cause darkening of the skin?

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

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52
Q

These are what kind of hormones?

  1. HGH
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. ACTH
A

Tropic Hormones

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53
Q

These are what kind of hormones?

  1. Prolactin (PRL)
  2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
A

Direct acting hormones

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54
Q

These are hormones of what portion of the pituitary?

  1. HGH
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. PRL
  6. ACTH
  7. MSH
A

Anterior Pituitary

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55
Q

What contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus?

A

posterior pituitary

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56
Q

The posterior pituitary DOES NOT synthesize hormones, but it does store and release what two hormones?

A
  1. oxytocin

2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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57
Q

What is released in large quantities in the uterus just prior to childbirth to enhance contraction of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus?

A

Oxytocin

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58
Q

What stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in response to the suckling infant?

A

oxytocin

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59
Q

What hormone has the following effects?

  1. decreases urine output
  2. causes kidneys to retain more water, thus decreasing urine volume
  3. decreases water loss through sweating
  4. causes constriction of arterioles, thus causing an increase in BP
A

ADH

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60
Q

If there was an absence of ADH, an individuals urine output would increase from 1-2 liters per day to what?

A

20 liters

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61
Q

These are hormones from what portion of the pituitary?

  1. oxytocin
  2. ADH
A

Posterior pituitary

62
Q

The thyroid glands function is to run what?

A

the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

63
Q

What is the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and keeping the body warm?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

64
Q

The butterfly shaped thyroid gland is located where?

A

just below the larynx

65
Q

What is composed of right and left lobes on either side of the trachea and spherical sacs called thyroid follicles make up most of the gland?

A

Thyroid gland

66
Q

The walls of each follicle consist of cells called follicular cells which produce what two thyroid hormones?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)

2. Triiodothyronine (T3)

67
Q

True or False

Most body cells have receptors for thyroid hormones

68
Q

What increases the BMR, the rate of oxygen consumption under standard or basal conditions (awake, at rest, and fasting)?

A

Thyroid hormones

69
Q

What hormones play an important roles in the maintenance of normal body temperature?

A

Thyroid hormones

70
Q

What hormones also stimulate protein synthesis, increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP production, increase the breakdown of triglycerides, and enhance cholesterol excretion, thus reducing blood cholesterol?

A

Thyroid hormones

71
Q

Together with ____ and Insulin, thyroid hormones stimulate body growth, particularly the nervous and skeletal systems.

72
Q

What is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A

Calcitonin(CT)

73
Q

What decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the actions of osteoclasts, the cells that breakdown bone?

A

Calcitonin (CT)

74
Q

What are the small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially imbedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid Gland

75
Q

Within the parathyroid glands are secretory cells called what, that release parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Chief cells

76
Q

What is the major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood?

77
Q

What increases the number and activity of osteoclasts, which break down bone extracellular matrix and release calcium and phosphate into the blood ?

78
Q

What hormone produces these changes in the kidney?

  1. slows rate of calcium and magnesium lost from blood into urine
  2. increases loss of phosphate from blood to urine
  3. promotes formation of calcitrol
79
Q

What substance acts in the gut to increase the rate of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption from food into the blood?

80
Q

What can elevated levels of PTH cause?

A
  1. bone pain
  2. kidney stones
  3. head aches
  4. abdominal pain
81
Q

What can low levels of PTH cause?

A
  1. carpopedal spasms
  2. abdominal cramps
  3. muscle cramps
82
Q

What is the flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine?

83
Q

Does the pancreas have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

84
Q

The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets or the what?

A

Islets of Langerhans

85
Q

What cells secrete the hormone glucagon, the release is stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Alpha cells

86
Q

What cells secrete the hormone insulin, release is stimulated by the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Beta Cells

87
Q

What is the main action of glucagon?

A

to increase blood glucose levels when it falls below normal

88
Q

In contrast to glucagon, what hormone helps glucose move into cells, especially muscle fibers, which lower blood glucose levels when it is too high?

89
Q

The level of blood glucose controls secretion of both glucagon and insulin via what kind of feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback loop

90
Q

What hormone promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells and increases the synthesis of protein and fatty acid within cells and is therefore an important hormone when tissues are developing, growing and being repaired?

91
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

one lying on top of each kidney

92
Q

The adrenal cortex consists of how many zones, each of which synthesizes and secretes different steroid hormones?

93
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Outer zone (zona glomerulosa)
  2. Middle zone (zona fasciculata)
  3. Inner zone (zona reticularis)
94
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex releases hormones called mineral corticoids because of their effect on mineral homeostasis?

A

Outer zone (zona glomerulosa)

Aldosterone

95
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex releases hormones called glucocorticoids because they affect glucose homeostasis?

A

Middle zone (Zona fasciculata)

Cortisol

96
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex releases androgens (male/female sex hormones)?

A

Inner zone (zona reticularis)

97
Q

What is the inner most region of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

98
Q

What consists of sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS that are specialized to secrete hormones known as catecholamines?

A

Adrenal Medulla

  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
99
Q

What is the major mineral corticoid of the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

100
Q

What regulates homeostasis of the two mineral ions, sodium (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)?

A

Aldosterone

101
Q

What increases reabsorption of Na+ from the urine into the blood and stimulates the excretion of K+ into the blood?

A

Aldosterone

102
Q

What helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume and promotes the secretion of H+ in the urine?

A

Aldosterone

103
Q

Secretion of aldosterone occurs as part of what pathway?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

104
Q

Lowered blood pressures stimulates the kidneys to secrete what enzyme, which promotes a reaction in the blood that forms angiotensin I ?

105
Q

As blood flows through the lungs, an enzyme known as Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts inactive angiotensin I into what?

A

The active hormone angiotensin II

106
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

107
Q

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to promote the return of what to the blood, which in turns helps bring the blood pressure back to normal?

A

Na+ and water

108
Q

What is the most abundant glucocorticoids from the Zona Fasciculata ?

109
Q

What produced in the zona fasciculata increases the rate of protein breakdown, mainly in muscle fibers and thus increases the liberation of amino acids into the blood stream; amino acids may be used by the body cells for synthesis of new proteins or for ATP production?

A

Glucocorticoids

110
Q

Glucocorticoids Actions

What happens upon stimulation of the glucocorticoids, liver cells may convert certain amino acids or lactic acid to glucose, which neurons and other cells can use for ATP production?

A

Glucose formation

111
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate the breakdown of what in adipose tissue?

A

Triglycerides

Fatty acid is released into the blood to be used for ATP production by many blood cells

112
Q

True or False

Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory effects

A

True

They inhibit WBC that participate in inflammatory response

113
Q

True or False

Glucocorticoids are involved in the immune response

A

True

Depression of the immune response

114
Q

A low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the _____ to secrete _____ to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates release of _____. ____ in turn stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  4. ACTH
    `
115
Q

Zona Reticularis

In both males and females, the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of what?

116
Q

True or False

In males, the adrenal cortex secretes only small amounts of weak androgens

A

True
After puberty, androgens are also released in greater quantities by the testes. Thus the amount of androgens secreted the adrenal cortex in males is usually so low that their effects are insignificant

117
Q

In females, adrenal androgens play an important role; they contribute to libido (sex drive) and are converted into what by other body tissues?

A

Estrogens (feminizing sex steroids)

118
Q

After menopause, all female estrogens come from where?

A

conversions of adrenal androgens

119
Q

Impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate the sympathetic preganglionic neurons, which in turn stimulate the cells of the ____ to secrete ____ and ____.

A
  1. Adrenal medulla
  2. epinephrine
  3. norepinephrine
120
Q

What two hormones greatly augment the fight-or-flight response?

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

121
Q

What are the organs that produces gametes? (sperm in males and oocytes in females)

122
Q

What are known as the female gonads?

123
Q

Ovaries produce what female sex hormones?

A
  1. estrogen

2. progesterone

124
Q

Along with FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, female sex hormones help regulate what cycles in the female body and help establish and maintain the feminine body shape?

A
  1. menstrual cycle
  2. maintain pregnancy
  3. prepare mammary glands for lactation
125
Q

What hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

126
Q

During pregnancy, the ovaries and placenta produce a peptide hormone called what?

127
Q

The testes of the male produce what?

A

testosterone, the primary androgen or male sex hormone

128
Q

What is the small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline?

A

Pineal Gland

129
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland that contributes to the setting of the body’s biological clock?

130
Q

Aging

As the levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and calcitonin) decrease what happens?

A

Can cause:

  1. decreased metabolic rate
  2. increased body fat
  3. hypothyroidism
131
Q

Aging

As parathyroid hormones rises what happens?

A

the rise in PTH and the fall in calcitonin decreases bone mass leading to osteoporosis

132
Q

As we age, insulin is released more slowly causing what?

A

blood glucose levels to increase faster

133
Q

As the ovaries decrease in size with age and estrogens decrease, they no longer respond to gonadtropins, this leads to conditions such as what?

A
  1. osteoporosis
  2. high blood cholesterol
  3. atherosclerosis
134
Q

What is any stimulus that produces a stress response?

135
Q

What is a sequence of bodily changes that can progress through stages?

A

Stress responses

136
Q

What is the first stage of the stress response?

A

initial fight-or-flight response

137
Q

Stress response: First stage
Initiated by nerves impulses from the ____ to the sympathetic division of the ____, including the adrenal medulla, quickly mobilizes the body’s resources for immediate physical activity.

A
  1. hypothalamus

2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

138
Q

Stress response: First stage
This stage brings in huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the organs that are most active in warding off danger, what are they?

A
  1. brain
  2. skeletal muscles
  3. heart
139
Q

Stress response: First Stage
The reduction of blood flow to the kidneys, promotes the release of ____, which sets in motion the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. ____ causes the kidneys to retain Na+, which leads to water retention and elevated blood pressure. Water retention also helps to preserve body fluid volume in case of ________.

A
  1. Renin
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Severe bleeding
140
Q

What is the second stage of the stress response?

A

slower resistance reaction

141
Q

What stage of the stress response is initiated in large part by the hypothalamus releasing hormones and is a longer lasting response?

A

Second stage

142
Q

Is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) involved in the second stage of the stress response?

143
Q

Stress response: Second stage
This stage stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete what, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release more cortisol?

144
Q

Stress response: Second stage
True or False
Cortisol then stimulates the release of Angiotensin by the liver cells, breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids, and catabolism of protein into nucleic acids. Tissues throughout the body can use the resulting glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP or to repair damaged cells.

A

False
Cortisol then stimulates release of GLUCOSE by liver cells, breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids, and catabolism of protein into AMINO ACIDS. Tissues throughout the body can use the resulting glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP or to repair damaged cells.

145
Q

In the stress response, does cortisol also help reduce inflammation?

146
Q

Stress response: Second stage
Growth hormone-releasing hormone causes the anterior pituitary to secrete _____, acting via insulin like growth factor, ____ stimulates the breakdown of ____ and glycogen.

A
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH)
  2. hGH
  3. Triglycerides
147
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

148
Q

TSH promotes the secretion of what, which stimulates the increased use of glucose and for ATP production?

A

thyroid hormones

149
Q

What stage of the stress response helps the body continue fighting a stressor long after the fight-or-flight response dissipates and is generally successful in seeing us through a stressful episode?

A

Resistance stage (second stage)

150
Q

Occasionally the resistance stage fails to combat the stressor, the resources of the body may eventually become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage, this is known as what?

A

Stress response: Third stage: Exhaustion

151
Q

Prolonged exposure to high levels of ___ and other hormones involved in the resistance reaction causes wasting of muscles, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of the GI tract, and failure of pancreatic ____.

A
  1. Cortisol

2. pancreatic beta cells

152
Q

True or False

People under stress are at a greater risk for developing chronic disease or dying prematurely

CLASS 22010 Endocrine (15 decks)

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