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patho final > structural cardiac disorders > Flashcards

structural cardiac disorders Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

ductus venosus

A

structure in liver which allows most blood to bypass the liver and enter directly into the inferior vena cava

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2
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening between atria allowing some fetal blood to pass from right side of heart to left, bypassing right ventricle and lungs

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3
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

between the pulm artery and aorta which allows blood to bypass the lungs and enter directly into descending aorta

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4
Q

which side of the heart is more oxygenated and what %

A

left side- blood is returning from the lungs (about 95%)

right side- (72-80%)

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5
Q

atria pressure

A

thin walled chambers, low pressure

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6
Q

ventricle pressure

A

thicker walled with high pressure

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7
Q

left ventricle has what

A

the greatest presssure because it must pump blood into the high pressure systemic circulation

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8
Q

what is a cardiac shunt

A

an abnormal blood flow through the heart or great vessle

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9
Q

left to right shunt

A

oxygenated blood flow from the left side of heart goes to the right side, going through the lungs again

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10
Q

right to left shunt

A

less o2 blood goes from the right side of the heart to the left side skipping the lungs

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11
Q

what is a functional murmur

A

usually seen with stress in children and infants, mostly normal and goes away with age, usually not of great concern

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12
Q

what are the causes of congenital heart defects

A
  1. alcohol, antiseizure,
  2. maternal rubella
    3heredity
  3. diabetic mothers
  4. 10x greater change of siblings have defects
  5. environment
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13
Q

atrial septal defect

A

Left-> right

abnormal opening between atria leading to increased pressure and o2 on right side of heart

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14
Q

where do most of the atrial septal defects happen

A

90% occure at foramen ovale

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15
Q

clinical mani of atrial septal defect

A

usually asymptomatic

may show s/s of HF

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16
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

left-> right shunt

abnormal opening between the ventricles leading to increased pressure and o2 on R side of heart (RV)

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17
Q

clinical mani of ventricular septal defect

A
  1. usually asymptomatic (most close spontaneously)
  2. may see s/s increased volume or HF on R side
  3. most common CHD
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18
Q

patent ductus artheriosus

A

left-> right shunt
failure of fetal structure to close after birth

blood shunted from high pressure aorta to low pressure pulmonary artery

usually closes with higher o2 levels

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19
Q

clinical mani of patent ductus arteriosus

A

may see s/s of HF or increased volume of R side

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20
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

acyanotic heart disease

narrowing of aorta

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21
Q

what are the two types of coarctation of aorta

A
  1. pre-ductal

2. post ductal

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22
Q

pre-ductal coarctation of aorta

A

between the ductus arteriosus and subclavian artery (most severe)

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23
Q

post-ductal coarctation of aorta

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A

distal to the ductus arteriosus

24
Q

clinical mani of coartation of aorta on the proximal side

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A

increased pressure proximal to the defect causes

  1. high BP
  2. bounding pulses in upper extremities
  3. dizziness, headache, fainting,
25
clinical mani of coarctation of aorta distal
decreased blood supply distal to defect causes: 1. low BP 2. decreased/absent femoral pulses 3. muscle cramps, cool pale extremities
26
cyanotic heart disease
right-left shunt desaturated venous blood flows into the left side of the heart, bypassing the lungs because the pressure on the right side is greater than the left or the vessels are misplaced
27
what are the 4 defects in tetralogy of fallot
1. VSD- ventricle septal defect 2. pulmonic valve stenosis 3. overriding aorta (shift into right ventricle) 4. R ventricle hyertrophy
28
what are the clinical mani of tetalogy of fallot
(related to degree of pulm stenosis) 1. Polycythemia 2. anoxic spells 3. increases systemic vascular resistance 4. shunted physical growth 5. murmer 6. squatting 5. clubbing
29
what all happens with the tetralogy of fallot
increased pressure in the RV leads to right ventricle hypertrophy. Pulmonary valve stenosis and open VSD lead to blood being shunted into the overriding aorta and lV
30
where does the pressure increase and move to in tetralogy of fallot
high pressure on right pushing to the left
31
why does squatting help in tetralogy of fallot
increases systemic resistance thus increasing blood flow to the lungs and increase o2 to the tissues
32
what are the cyanotic heart diseases
1. tetralogy of fallot | 2. transposition of the great vessels
33
what is transposition of the great vessels?
the pulm artery and aorta are flipped. 1. aorta leaves the RV 2. pulm leaves the LV
34
what must happen to people with transposition of the great vessels in order to live
must have a defect present to allow communication between the 2 circulations in order to live! (sometimes they will make a hole)
35
what are the clinical mani of transposition of great vessels
(depends on size and type of associated defects) 1. cyanotic manis Congestive heart failure: 1. tachy 2. tachypnea 3. cardiomegaly 4. helatomegly
36
when do infants develop S/S of transposition of the great vessels
no symptoms for first few hours until the PDA closes
37
what is pedicarditis
inflammation of the pericardial mem and formation of a pericardial effusion
38
pericarditis can be
acute or chronic
39
what is the cause of pericarditis
``` infection injury immune response, metabolic disorders neoplasms ```
40
what is the patho of pericarditis
pericardial mems become inflamed and roughened an exudate usually developes
41
what are the mani of pericarditis
1. sudden onset of anterior/back pain 2. dysphagia (trouble swallowing) 3. weakness, malaise, restlessness, anx 4. fatigue, exercise intolerance 5. fever, tachy 6. pericardial friction rub 7. cardiac tamponade (cardiac compression and decreased CO)
42
what is cardiomyopathies
disease of the myocardium itself affecting the pumping ability of the heart because the fibers cannot contract well degeneration of myocardial fibers
43
what causes cardiomyopathies
cost are idiopathic, we dont really know may be secondary to toxins, infections, immunological disorders, nutritional disorders (alcoholism) and genetics
44
what are the 3 categories of cardiomyopathies
1. dilated (congestive) 2. hypertrophic 3. restrictive
45
dilated cardiomyothies
enlarged heart due to degeneration of the heart fibers, balloons out
46
hypertrophic cardiomyothies
VENTRICULAR septum hypertrophy, and LV hypertrophy leads to altered shape of chambers and poorly coordinated contractions
47
restrictive cardiomyothies
myocardial fibers become infiltrated with abnormal substances (TOXINS) causing ventricular dysfunction doesn't allow LV to stretch and squeeze
48
clinical mani of dialated cardiomyopathies
both RVF and LVF immense cardiomegaly (large heart)
49
clinical mani of hypertrophic cardiomyopthies
mostly LVF
50
clinical mani of dilated cardiomyopathies
RVF and LVF
51
mani of LVF and RVF cardiomyopathies
LVF: 1. DOE 2. orthopnea 3. fatigue 4. fluid in lungs RVF: 1. liver congestion 2. edema 3. JVD (jugular venous congestion)
52
what are the causes of valve diorders
1. inflammation, infections 2. trauma (HTN) 3. degenerative 4. connective tissue disorders
53
stanosis (valve)
doesnt open fully valve orifice (opening) is narrowed and constricted flow through that valve is impeded increases pressure and workload of the chamber that is trying to eject blood through that valve
54
regurgitation (incompetence, insufficiency)
valve leaflets fail to close completely blood can leak back through the valve when it is supposed to be closed increases volume to pump because some is coming back in
55
with regurgitation, what has an increases workload
increased workload of both the chamber getting more volume and chamber trying to pump out
56
manifestations of aortic valve stenosis
increased pressure, workload, hypertrophy of LV narrowed pulse pressure SYSTOLIC murmur
57
mani of aortic valve regurgitation
increased volume to pump LV volume overload due to backflow LV hypertrophy, increased LV workload DIASTOLIC MURMUR

patho final (3 decks)

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