Structural & Functional Orginization of the Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys
A
Nephrology
2
Q
what is the branch of medicine that deal with the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system
A
Urology
3
Q
what are the five functions of the kidneys
A
Regulation of:
Ion levels in the blood
blood volume and pressure
Blood pH
Production of hormones
excretion of waste
4
Q
the kidneys help regulate the blood levels of what ions
A
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Calcium
Chloride
5
Q
the kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secreting what enzyme
A
renin
6
Q
Renin activates what pathway
A
Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Pathway
7
Q
what two hormones do the kidneys produce
A
Calcitriol activated by Vitamin D
Erythropoietin
8
Q
what are the non useful substances that the body excretes
A
Ammonia
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Uric Acid
9
Q
Ammonia
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Uric Acid
are a recults from the break down of what
A
Ammonia - amino acids
Bilirubin - hemoglobin
Creatinine - phosphare in muscle fibers
Uric Acid - Nucleic acids
10
Q
The kidneys are a pair of reddish organs shaped like ________
A
Kidney Beans
11
Q
the kidneys on either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity at what level
A
T12 - L3
12
Q
what ribs provide some protection to the superior parts of the kidneys
A
11th and 12th
13
Q
what kidney sits slightly lower and why
A
right kidney
Because the liver occupies a large area above
14
Q
an adult kidney is comparable in size to what
A
bar of bath soap
15
Q
The indention near the medial boards of the kidney is called what
A
Renal hilum
16
Q
what enters and exits at the renal hilum
A
Ureters leave
Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit
17
Q
what is the smooth transparent connective tissue sheath the helps maintain the shape of the kidneys and serves as a barrier against trauma surrounding each kidney called
A
renal capsule
18
Q
what surrounds the kidney and provides cushion along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue helps anchor the kidney
A
adipose tissue
19
Q
what are the two internal regions of the kidney
A
Renal Cortex - light red
Renal Medulla - dark red/brown
20
Q
within the renal medulla there are several cone shaped renal pyramids, which are extensions the renal cortex what is the structure that fills the space between the renal pyramid called
A
renal columns
21
Q
Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cup like structures called what
A
minor calyces
22
Q
each kidney has how many minor calyces
A
8 - 12
23
Q
from the 8-12 minor calyces urine travels to major calyces, how many major calyces are there
A
2 - 3
24
Q
about what percentage of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the renal arteries
A
20 - 30 %
1200ml
25
the functional unit of the kidney are
Nephron numbering about a million in each kidney
26
what are the two parts of the Nephron
renal Corpuscle
renal tubule
27
what part of the nephron is plasma filtered
renal corpuscle
28
what part of the nephron is where filter fluid called glomerular filtrate passes
renal tubule
29
what are the three basic processes of the nephron
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
tubular secretion
30
By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is called what
Urine
31
urine values vary considerably according to what
diet
32
the cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule are called what
podocytes
33
what is Net filtration pressure
1) blood colloid osmotic pressure
2) glomerular capsule pressure
34
what is the equation for Net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure = Glomerular capillary blood pressure - ( blood colloid osmotic pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)
35
Normally net filtration pressure is what
10mmHg
36
Net Filtration forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space what is the value for men and woman
men - 180 litters
women - 150 litters women
37
what structures help manage net filtration pressure
afferent and efferent arterioles
38
what is the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
39
what is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in men and women
125 mL/min
105 mL/min
40
is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :
needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules
that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine.
High
41
is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :
nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste
products are not adequately excreted.
Low
42
what hormone is secreted by the atria stretching and promotes the loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
43
Blood vessels of the kidneys are activated by what type of nervous system
sympathetic neurons of autonomic nervous system
44
At rest, sympathetic stimulation is low and the afferent and efferent arterioles are dilated or constricted
dilated
45
With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exorcise or hemorrhage, the
afferent arterioles are dilated or constricted
constricted
46
The filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters what part of the renal tubuale
proximal convoluted tubule.
47
what type of cells along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular
reabsorption
Epithelial cells
48
where does most of the tubular reabsorption happen
proximal convoluted tubule
49
the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what percentage of water and filtered glucose
Water 65%
100% filtered glucose amino acids
50
tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion takes place all along the renal
tubules and collecting ducts and occurs via what process
passive diffusion
and
active transportation
51
what is the poisonous waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids
Ammonia
52
the liver converts most ammonia to a less toxic compound called what
urea
53
tubular secretion helps with control of blood pH at a rage of
7.35 - 7.45
54
is urine typically acidic or alkaline
Acidic with a pH below 7
55
what are them most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion
angiotensin II
and
aldosterone.
56
the proximal convoluted tubules, angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of what
Na+
and
Cl
57
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what
aldosterone
58
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, a hormone
that in turn stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secretes more what
K
59
Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+ is the major regulator
Blood K Levels
60
Besides increasing glomerular filtration rate, the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption
Na+
61
what is themajor hormone that regulates water reabsorption
antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
62
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), operates via what type of feed back system
Negative
63
When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%,
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ADH from where
posterior pituitary
64
what is the second most powerful stimulus of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
decrease in blood volume
65
Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
66
parathyroid hormone (PTH) also inhibits what
phosphate
67
what makes up a Urinalysis test
volume
physical
chemical
micoscopic
68
what is the total volume eliminated in a normal adult
1 to 2 liters
69
water accounts for what percent of of the total volume eliminated in a normal adult
95%
70
what are the elements of urine
urea
creatinine
potassium
ammonia
uric acid
sodium
chloride
magnesium
sulfate
phosphate
calcium ions.
71
The wall of the ureter consists of what three layers.
mucosa
transitional epithelium
areolar connective tissue
72
what is the average capacity of the bladder
700 -800mL
73
The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called what
detrusor muscle.
74
what is terminal portions of the urinary systems
urethra
75
is the opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
76
the urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and the expels urine into the urethra what is the act called
micturition (urination)
77
when the volume of urine in the bladder exceeds how much, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into
the spinal cord.
200 -400ml
78
when the pressure within the bladder increases considerably and stretch receptors transmit a nerve impulse into the spinal cord a trigger what reflex
micturition reflex
79
micturition reflex is what type of impulse from the spinal cord
parasympathetic
80
in lean adults fluids make up how much of total body mass
55% - 60%
81
how much of body fluid is intracellular (ICF) or cytosol
2/3
82
how much of body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
1/3
83
what percent of ECF is interstitial fluid
80%
84
what percent of ECF
20%
85
what are other extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid
lymph
cerebrospinal
synovial
aqueous humor and vitreous body in the eyes
endolymoh and perilymph in the ears
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluids
86
what two barriers separate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid and blood plasma
plasma membrane
blood vessel walls
87
where is the only place were the blood vessels are thin enough and leaky enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and
interstitial fluid.
capillaries
88
water makes up how much of total blood plasma
45 - 75%
89
what is the primary means of water movement between intracellular fluid and
interstitial fluid,
osmosis
90
Most solutes in body fluids are electrolytes, inorganic compounds that break apart into what when dissolved in water
ions
91
how many of water is ingested liquids
how much do water comes from moist foods
metabolic water gain accounts for about how much a day
1600ml
700ml
200ml
92
what is the total water gain in a day
2500ml
93
how much water do the kidneys excrete a day
how much evaporate from skin surface
how much is exhaled
how much is defecated
1500ml urine
600ml
300
100ml
94
woman of reproductive age loose about how much due to menstrual flow
2500ml
95
what governs the urge to drink
an area in the hypothalamus called the thirst center
96
what percent of fluid body mass will cause mild dehydration
2%
97
what stimulated the thirst center in the hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors and increase angiotensin II
98
what are the three hormones that regulate reabsorption of Na and Cl
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
angiotensin II
aldosterone.
99
what is the major hormone that regulated water loss by increasing permeability of plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
100
what is the most abundant element in extracellular ions representing 90% of extracellular cations
sodium
101
what is the most prevalent anions in ectracellular fluid
Chloride
102
what is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid
potassium
103
when potassium moves out of the cell i often exchanges for what, helping regulate pH of body fluids
hydrogen
104
the level of potassium id controlled by
aldostrone
105
98% of calcium in adults is located where
skeleton and teeth
106
in body fluid calcium is mainly what type of fluid
extracellular
107
what are the 2 main regulators of calcium in blood plasma
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
108
low plasma calcium level promotes the release of what
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
109
what are the four general functions ions
control osmosis
maintain acid-base balance
carry electrical current
optimize activity of enzymes
110
what is the difference between ECF and interstitial fluid
extracellular fluids contain protein anions
111
what is the major homeostatic challenge in regards to pH
keeping hydrogen level at appropriate range
112
In a healthy person, the pH of systemic arterial blood remains between what
7.35 - 7.45
113
the removal of H+ from body fluids and the subsequent elimination from the body depend on what three major mechanisms:
Buffer systems,
exhalation of carbon dioxide
kidney excretion of H+ into the urine.
114
how do buffer system work
prevent rapid drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
115
what is the most abundant buffer system in the intracellular fluid
protein buffer system
116
does the protein buffer system work on acids or bases
both acids and bases
117
what buffer system is bases on the bicarbonat ion and can work on weak bases and weak acids.
Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.
118
what is the most abundant buffer system in extracellular fluid
Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.
119
what is important buffer in intracellular fluid and in urine
Exhalation of carbon dioxide
120
The slowest mechanism for removal of acids is also the only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body
kidney excretion of H+
121
acidosis is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below what
7.35
122
depression of the nervous system is sever and casue disorientation, comatose, death happens when pH falls below what
7
123
alkalosis is define as arterial blood pH higher than what.
7.45
