Structural & Functional Orginization of the Endocrine System

Question 1

what are the major glands of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Thyroid

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Parathyroid

Ovaries & Testes

Pancreas

Pineal Gland

Adrenals

Question 2

what is a specific cell with a specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones

Answer 2

Target cells

Question 3

how many receptors will a target cell have for a particular hormone

Answer 3

2,000 to 100,000

Question 4

hormones are divided into what to what two categories

Answer 4

lipid soluble

water soluble

Question 5

what are the lipid soluble hormones

Answer 5

Steroid hormones

thyroid hormones

Nitric Oxide

Question 6

what are the water soluble hormones

Answer 6

Amino Acids

Question 7

Amino Acids are subdivided into what two categories

Answer 7

Short chain

Long Chain

Question 8

what are the short chain water soluble amino acids

Answer 8

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 9

what are the long chain water soluble amino acids

Answer 9

insulin

Question 10

how do hormones influence their target cells

Answer 10

chemically binding to specific protein receptors

Question 11

what part of the brain controls the endocrine system

Answer 11

hypothalamus

Question 12

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

Answer 12

9

Question 13

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

Answer 13

7

Question 14

what is the master gland of the body

Answer 14

pituitary gland

Question 15

what stalk like structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Answer 15

Infundibulum

Question 16

within the infundubulum what are the blood vessels that connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary

Answer 16

hypophyseal portal veins

Question 17

what are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Answer 17

GNRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone

GHRH - Growth Hormone releasing hormone

GHIH - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

TRH - Thyroid releasing hormone

PRH - prolactin releasing hormone

PIH - Prolactin inhibiting hormone

CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone

ADH - Corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 18

the pituitary gland is the size of a small grape and has how many lobes

Answer 18

2

Question 19

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 19

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

Question 20

both lobes of the pituitary rest where

Answer 20

hypophyseal fossa

Question 21

the hypophseal fossa is a cup shaped depression in what bone

Answer 21

sphenoid bone

Question 22

what hormone stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones

Answer 22

Tropic hormones

Question 23

IGF are mainly secreted by what

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

hGH stimulates protine synthesis to help maintain and promote what

Answer 24

maintain muscle and bone mass

promote healing and tissue repair

Question 25

hGH concentration in the blood is maintained by what type of feedback loop

Answer 25

negative

Question 26

what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary

Answer 26

hGH TSH FSH LH PRL ACTH MSH

Question 27

the posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize but stores what two hormones

Answer 27

Ocytocin Antidiuretic Hormone 0

Question 28

what is the function of the thyroid gland

Answer 28

run basal metabolic rate

Question 29

the thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland located where

Answer 29

below the larynx

Question 30

the thyroid is composed of left and right lobes on either side of what

Answer 30

trachea

Question 31

what are the spherical sacs that make up most oft he thyroid gland called

Answer 31

thyroid follicles

Question 32

the wall of each follicle consist of cells called follicular cells which produce what 2 thyroid hormones

Answer 32

Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothronine (T3)

Question 33

what increases basal metabolic rate

Answer 33

thyroid hormones

Question 34

what hormones play an important roll in maintenance in normal body temp

Answer 34

thyroid hormones

Question 35

Calcitonin is produced by what cells of the thyroid gland

Answer 35

parafollicular

Question 36

what hormone decreases the level if calcium in the blood by inhibiting the actions of osteroclasts

Answer 36

Calcitonin

Question 37

what are small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Answer 37

parathyroid gland

Question 38

within the parathyroid glands are secetory cells called chif cells that release what

Answer 38

patathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 39

PTH is a major regulator of what blood level elements

Answer 39

calcium Magnesium phosphate

Question 40

what functions does the pancreas have

Answer 40

endoctine and exocrine

Question 41

the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of cluster of cells called what

Answer 41

pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans

Question 42

alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what hormone

Answer 42

glucagon

Question 43

beta cells secrete what hormone

Answer 43

insulin

Question 44

alpha cells that secrete the hormone glucagon are stimulated by what division of the ANS

Answer 44

Sympathetic

Question 45

Beta cells that secrete the hormone insulin are stimulated by what division of the ANS

Answer 45

parasympathetic

Question 46

what is the main action of glucagon

Answer 46

increase blood glucose

Question 47

the main action of insulin

Answer 47

lower blood glucose

Question 48

level of blood glucose controls secretion of glucagon and insulin via what feedback loop

Answer 48

negative

Question 49

insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells which increases the synthesis of what

Answer 49

protein and fatty acid

Question 50

there are two adrenal glands that lay atop of what

Answer 50

kidney

Question 51

what are the regions of the adrenal glands

Answer 51

adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

Question 52

the adrenal cortex consist of what 3 zones

Answer 52

zona glmerulosa (outer zone) zona fasciculata (middle zone) Zona reticularis (inner zone)

Question 53

Zona glerulosa releases hormones called what

Answer 53

mineral corticoids

Question 54

what part of the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

Answer 54

zona glomerulosa (outer zone)

Question 55

the zona fasciculata (middle zone) releases hormones called what

Answer 55

glucocorticoids

Question 56

what part of the adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Answer 56

Zona fasciculata (middle zone)

Question 57

the zona reticularis (inner zone) releases what hormone

Answer 57

androgens (male/female sex hormones)

Question 58

the adrenal medulla consist of what type of cells

Answer 58

sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS

Question 59

sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla secret specialized hormones called what

Answer 59

catecholamines

Question 60

what are the catecholamines hormones released by the ympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla

Answer 60

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 61

aldosetrone does what to Sodium and potassium and blood pressure

Answer 61

increase reabsorption of sodium from urine into blood stimulates excretion of potassium into urine adjust BP and volume and excretion of hydrogen in urine

Question 62

secretion of aldosterone happens in what pathway

Answer 62

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Question 63

what are conditions that initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

Answer 63

dehydration Sodium deficiency hemorrhage ( overall Low BP)

Question 64

lower bp pressure stimulates what organ to secrete the enzyme renin

Answer 64

kidney

Question 65

enzyme renin reaction in the blood promotes the production of what

Answer 65

angiotensin I

Question 66

what converts inactive angiotensin I into the active hormone angiotensis II

Answer 66

Angiotensin covering enzyme

Question 67

what secretes the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Answer 67

angiotensin II

Question 68

what is the most abundant glucocorticoid

Answer 68

cortisol

Question 69

what are the actions of glucocorticoids

Answer 69

protine breakdown glucose formation breakdown of triglycerides anti innflammatory effects depression of immune response

Question 70

a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete what

Answer 70

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 71

a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates

Answer 71

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Question 72

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulates cell of the adrenal cortex to secrete what

Answer 72

cortisol

Question 73

what two hormones augment the flight or flight response

Answer 73

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 74

what helps the body resist stress

Answer 74

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 75

the testes produce inhibin via what cells

Answer 75

sertoli cells

Question 76

where is the pineal gland attached to

Answer 76

rood of the third ventricle of the brain, midline

Question 77

what hormone is released by the pineal gland that sets the circadian clock

Answer 77

melatonin

Question 78

as the endocrine system ages and human growth hormone decreases causing

Answer 78

muscle atrophy

Question 79

as the endocrine system ages and thyroid hormones (T3, T4, Calcitonin) decreases causing what

Answer 79

decrease in metabolic rate increase body fat hypothyroidism

Question 80

as the endocrine system ages parathyroid rises causes

Answer 80

fall in calcitonin decrease loss in bone mass (osteoporosis)

Question 81

as the endocrine system ages and insulin is released more slowly in causes

Answer 81

blood glucose levels to increase faster

Question 82

as the endocrine system ages and estrogen decreases cause

Answer 82

ovaries to decrease in size no longer respond to gonadotropins

Question 83

any stimulus that produces a stress response

Answer 83

stressor

Question 84

what is a sequence of bodily changes that can progress through stages

Answer 84

stress response

Question 85

what happens in the first stage of stress response

Answer 85

initial flight or flight response

Question 86

what happens in the second stage of stress response

Answer 86

slower resistance reaction

Question 87

the initial flight response initiated by sympathetic ANS brings huge amounts of what

Answer 87

glucose oxygen

Question 88

the initial stress response initiated by sympathetic ANS reduces the blood flow to the kidneys which promotes what

Answer 88

release of Rennin

Question 89

the second stage of the stress response is initiated by what and causes what type of response

Answer 89

hypothalamic releasing hormone causes longer lasting response

Question 90

what hormones are involved in the resistance reaction to stress response

Answer 90

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) growth hormone releasing hormone (GNRH) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 91

what are the 3 stages of stress response

Answer 91

flight-or-flight response resistance reaction exhaustion

Question 92

what stage is described as the resistance stage failing to combat stress

Answer 92

exhaustion

Question 93

prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other resistance hormones cause what

Answer 93

wasting of muscles supression of the immune system ulceration of the GI tract failure of pancreatic beta cells pathologic changes